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Microbial exposure is related to the health of passengers on commercial aircraft, but no studies characterized the microbial composition at the species level and identified their ecological determinants. We collected vacuum dust from floor and seat surfaces in flight decks and cabins of 18 aircraft, and amplification-free shotgun metagenomics was conducted to characterize the microbial composition. In total, 7437 microbial taxa were identified. The relative abundance for bacteria, eukaryote, viruses, and archaea was 96.9%, 1.8%, 0.3%, and 0.03%, respectively. The top bacterial species mainly derived from outdoor air and human skin included Sphingomonas, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus luteus, Variovorax paradoxus, Paracoccus dentrificans, and Propionibacterium acnes. The abundance of NIAID-defined pathogens was low, accounted for only 0.23% of total microbes. The microbial species and functional composition were structured by the indoor surface type (R2 = 0.38, Adonis), followed by the manufacturer of the aircraft (R2 = 0.12) and flight duration (R2 = 0.07). Indoor surfaces affected species derived from different habitats; the abundance of dry skin and desiccated species was higher on textile surfaces, whereas the abundance of moist and oily skin species was higher on leather surfaces. The growth rates for most microbes were stopped and almost stopped.  相似文献   
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The long-established use of enzymes for food processing and product formulation has resulted in an increased enzyme market compounding to 7.0% annual growth rate. Advancements in molecular biology and recognition that enzymes with specific properties have application for industrial production of infant, baby and functional foods boosted research toward sourcing the genes of microorganisms for enzymes with distinctive properties. In this regard, functional metagenomics for extremozymes has gained attention on the premise that such enzymes can catalyze specific reactions. Hence, metagenomics that can isolate functional genes of unculturable extremophilic microorganisms has expanded attention as a promising tool. Developments in this field of research in relation to food sector are reviewed.  相似文献   
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Culture-negative and Escherichia coli cases are uncommonly treated in pathogen-based protocols for nonsevere mastitis. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing might reveal the presence of other pathogens and can provide information on microbial diversity. The objective was to explore the milk microbiome at the time of the mastitis event (enrollment) and its association with survival in the herd, milk production, and postevent linear score (LS) for cows with clinical mastitis characterized as negative or E. coli by culture. Fifty E. coli-positive and 35 culture-negative samples from cases were enrolled. No cases were treated with antimicrobials. All E. coli-positive quarters were characterized as transient; microbiological culture of samples taken 15 d postmastitis were negative for this organism. However, a difference in α-diversity (Shannon index) was present between enrollment and follow-up samples (3.8 vs. 5.1). When α-diversity was explored for enrollment E. coli samples, no relationship was observed between the Shannon indices of these samples and postmastitis LS. Alpha-diversity of the enrollment samples was lower for E. coli-positive cows that subsequently had greater losses in milk production. This difference was explained by a greater relative abundance of the family Enterobacteriaceae (67.8 vs. 38.4%) for cows that dropped in production. Analysis of composition of the microbiome identified one phylum, Proteobacteria, that differed between E. coli-positive cows that dropped in production and those that did not. Evaluation of β -diversity found no statistical relationship between postmastitis LS and the microbiome. When evaluating α- and β-diversities and composition of the microbiomes for culture-negative quarters, no associations were found for milk production changes and postmastitis LS. Three cows did not remain in the herd, limiting the ability to analyze survival. The findings suggest that a contributing factor to negative outcomes in E. coli-positive cows is relative abundance of this pathogen, and that no single or collective group of bacterial families is associated with milk production changes or postmastitis LS in culture-negative quarters. Although additional studies should be performed, the absence of associations between outcomes explored and microbial profiles in this study suggests that we are not missing opportunities by not treating nonsevere E. coli or culture-negative mastitis cases.  相似文献   
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聂志强  王敏  郑宇 《食品科学》2012,33(23):346-350
我国传统发酵食品具有悠久的历史,有各自独特的生产工艺,发酵过程涉及的微生物种类较多,赋予了传统发酵食品特有的风味与功能。近年来,随着传统发酵食品生产的现代化和产业化以及对食品安全的重视,传统发酵食品发酵过程中微生物的多样性和功能成为研究的热点。宏基因组学、基因芯片和实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术以微生物基因序列信息为基础,主要用于传统发酵食品发酵过程中微生物的多样性和功能的研究,由于它们具有工作量小、重现性高等优点,近年来已经较广泛地用于传统发酵食品微生物的研究中。本文综述这3种技术在传统发酵食品微生物多样性及功能研究中的应用进展,并介绍传统发酵食品微生物研究领域的发展趋势,以期为传统发酵食品发酵过程规律研究提供一定的参考。  相似文献   
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Investigations of microbial ecology and diversity have been greatly enhanced by the application of culture-independent techniques. One such approach, metagenomics, involves sample collections from soil, water, and other environments. Extracted nucleic acids from bulk environmental samples are sequenced and analyzed, which allows microbial interactions to be inferred on the basis of bioinformatics calculations. In most environments, microbial interactions occur predominately in surface-adherent, biofilm communities. In this review, we address metagenomics sampling and biofilm biology, and propose an experimental strategy whereby the resolving power of metagenomics can be enhanced by incorporating a biofilm-enrichment step during sample acquisition.  相似文献   
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分别采用离心-超声波破碎法(centrifugation-ultrasonic disruption,C-UD)和液氮研磨-超声波破碎法(liquid nitrogen grinding-ultrasonic disruption,LNG-UD)预处理浓香型白酒酒醅样品,采用Tris/酚提取-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法提取微生物蛋白质,利用非标记定量蛋白质组学技术比较两种预处理法获得的酒醅微生物群落结构差异。结果表明:两种预处理法提取的酒醅蛋白质含量差异不显著,但C-UD处理十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的蛋白条带数量更丰富且清晰。基于C-UD法获得的酒醅肽段及蛋白质数量高于LNG-UD法,且蛋白质鉴定结果的评分较高。两种预处理法获得的酒醅微生物种类及其群落结构有一定差异,且两者均与同一酒醅样品的基因组扩增子测序结果存在差异,提示整合多组学研究的必要性。研究结果有助于进一步优化酒醅微生物蛋白质的提取方法,为酿酒微生物宏蛋白质组学的深入研究奠定一定基础。  相似文献   
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