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1.
基于超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间高分辨质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-Triple-TOF MS/MS)法对巴氏杀菌乳中的磷脂成分进行分析鉴定。采用色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC? BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm),以流动相A水-甲醇-乙腈(1∶1∶1,V/V)和流动相B异丙醇-乙腈(1∶1,V/V)进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾电离正模式下采集数据。依据高分辨质谱提供的保留时间、准分子离子、二级碎片等脂质分析数据,并结合标准品碎裂方式等信息,共鉴定出磷脂分子68 种。其中,磷脂酰胆碱22 种,占比7.98%;磷脂酰乙醇胺17 种,占比56.60%;磷脂酰丝氨酸10 种,占比1.70%;磷脂酰肌醇7 种,占比1.33%;鞘磷脂12 种,占比32.39%。本研究采用灵敏度高、精密度及稳定性良好的UPLC-Triple-TOF MS/MS方法实现了对牛乳中磷脂的全面定性与定量分析。此方法检测出的牛乳磷脂信息完整、磷脂种类多于其他检测技术,可为牛乳的磷脂研究提供数据基础。  相似文献   
2.
Mast cells (MCs) play critical roles in Th2 immune responses, including the defense against parasitic infections and the initiation of type I allergic reactions. In addition, MCs are involved in several immune-related responses, including those in bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancers, allograft rejections, and lifestyle diseases. Whereas antigen-specific IgE is a well-known activator of MCs, which express FcεRI on the cell surface, other receptors for cytokines, growth factors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and damage-associated molecular patterns also function as triggers of MC stimulation, resulting in the release of chemical mediators, eicosanoids, and various cytokines. In this review, we focus on the role of interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in MC-mediated immune responses, in which MCs play roles not only as initiators of the immune response but also as suppressors of excessive inflammation. IL-10 exhibits diverse effects on the proliferation, differentiation, survival, and activation of MCs in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, IL-10 derived from MCs exerts beneficial and detrimental effects on the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and in several immune-related diseases including contact hypersensitivity, auto-immune diseases, and infections. This review introduces the effects of IL-10 on various events in MCs, and the roles of MCs in IL-10-related immune responses and as a source of IL-10.  相似文献   
3.
杨莉  夏阿林  张榆 《食品与机械》2021,37(8):105-109
目的:采用低场核磁共振技术对6个不同品牌的270个奶粉样品进行检测判别。方法:采用主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)、误差反传人工神经网络(BP-ANN)等化学计量学方法对样品数据进行处理。结果:采用PCA方法的主成分三维投影图无法达到对奶粉品牌快速判别的目的;PLS-DA方法的训练集和预测集的正确识别率分别为66.1%,52.2%,可信度较低,也难以实现奶粉品牌的快速判别;BP-ANN方法的训练集和预测集的正确识别率分别为99.4%, 100.0%。结论:低场核磁共振与BP-ANN结合可以很好地识别奶粉品牌。  相似文献   
4.
前期从新疆传统乳制品酸驼乳中筛选得到一株具有潜在益生特性的库德毕赤酵母DS8-1(Pichia kudriavzevii DS8-1),为增加菌株对体外环境的抗性,以海藻酸钠为壁材使用锐孔法制备酵母菌微胶囊。将干燥的藻酸盐(SA)微胶囊外包山羊乳或在微胶囊壁材中添加低聚果糖(fructooligosaccharides,FOS)/低聚半乳糖(galactooligosaccharides,GOS)分别制备3 种酵母菌微胶囊:SAM微胶囊、SAMF微胶囊和SAMG微胶囊。对微胶囊进行傅里叶红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜表征、模拟胃液的耐受性、消化液的释放特性和贮藏稳定性实验,研究冻干微胶囊对菌株活性的影响。结果表明:使用羊乳包衣的3 种冻干微胶囊(SAM微胶囊、SAMF微胶囊和SAMG微胶囊)的菌株活力为7.16~7.67(lg(CFU/g))。与SA微胶囊相比,SAMF微胶囊在连续的模拟消化液处理后能够延缓酵母菌的释放,提高菌株存活率,以及对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶具有较高的抑制活性。SAMG微胶囊在-20、4、25 ℃贮藏30 d后菌株活力在7(lg(CFU/g))以上。结论:在海藻酸钠中添加FOS/GOS且使用羊乳包衣可用于包埋库德毕赤酵母,制备的酵母菌微胶囊具有提高菌株活性的作用,在功能性食品输送体系中具有一定的应用前景。  相似文献   
5.
目的 对一起涉及济南市多家幼儿园食源性疾病暴发事件的发生原因和可疑危险因素进行分析,为加强学校食源性疾病防控提供依据。方法 采用现场流行病学的方法,对病例进行调查,运用描述性流行病学方法、队列研究方法对暴发事件数据和各因素进行分析。结果 事件涉及济南市4个区11家幼儿园195名儿童,罹患率17.06%,年龄范围为3~6岁,男女比为1.41∶1(114/81),无教职工发病。队列研究结果提示,饮用XX牌巴氏杀菌乳使发病风险上升17.06%(RD=17.06,95%CI:15.01~19.11),进一步统计分析,各园8月9日饮用XX牌巴氏杀菌乳的率差(RD)值范围为2.82%~35.44%,均有统计学意义,提示各园饮用XX牌巴氏杀菌乳使发病风险上升2.82%~35.44%%。在13份呕吐物和8份幼儿园留样巴氏杀菌乳样品中检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,且8份奶样品中蜡样芽胞杆菌计数>105 CFU/g,证实XX牌巴氏杀菌乳存在蜡样芽胞杆菌污染。结论 本次食源性疾病暴发事件由被蜡样芽胞杆菌污染的巴氏杀菌乳所致,应进一步加强学校食品安全监管和食源性疾病监测,积极开展健康教育,有效预防此类事件的发生。  相似文献   
6.
为改善超高温瞬时灭菌(ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization,UHT)乳中VE的热稳定性,以β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-LG)和VE为材料制备复合物,探究β-LG对VE热稳定性的影响。通过浊度、粒径、Zeta电位、扫描电子显微镜、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、红外光谱和荧光光谱研究β-LG与VE的结合情况;利用生物膜干涉技术进一步分析β-LG与VE之间的结合程度;通过高效液相色谱法测定普通强化乳(添加VE)和复合物强化乳(添加β-LG/VE复合物)中UHT前后的VE含量并计算VE热损失率,以确定β-LG对VE热稳定性的影响。结果表明,β-LG可以通过氢键和疏水相互作用与VE结合形成复合物,β-LG与VE结合后,可以减少VE在水溶液中的聚集,使VE的溶解性增加;生物膜干涉技术也证明β-LG与VE之间存在结合,亲和力常数为7.493×10-2?mol/L;复合物强化乳中VE损失率为(4.01±0.18)%,显著低于普通强化乳((10.90±0.17)%)(P<0.05)。以上说明,β-LG可以显著提高VE的热稳定性,为开发维生素强化乳制品提供理论基础。  相似文献   
7.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(1):585-594
Herd-level diagnosis of paratuberculosis using a pool-milk ELISA (pool size: n ≤ 50) is a novel, economical, and convenient method to identify blood serological Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody–positive herds. To date, the diagnostic performance of the pool-milk ELISA has been described only under laboratory conditions where herd prevalence was simulated by the preparation of milk pools consisting of milk samples of cows with a known MAP status determined by fecal culture. In our observational study, test performance under field conditions was studied using pooled milk and individual blood samples. A total of 486 herds within the MAP prevalence reduction program of Lower Saxony, from which pooled milk and individual blood ELISA results were available, were assigned to this study. Data were analyzed for the period between January 1 and December 31, 2018, the first year after herd testing became obligatory in this federal state of Germany. To evaluate whether pooled milk samples reliably distinguish between herds with a MAP-apparent blood serological within-herd prevalence (MAP-Ab-WHPapp) ≥5% and herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp <5%, the distribution of the MAP-Ab-WHPapp was compared between pool-positive and pool-negative herds. The MAP-Ab-WHPapp was 3.4% (median; 95% confidence interval = 0–11.4%) in pool-positive herds and 1.2% (median; 95% confidence interval = 0–6.4%) in pool-negative herds. Only 10.8% (n = 12) of the pool sample–negative herds had a MAP-Ab-WHPapp ≥5% and were therefore false negatives, given the aims of the MAP prevalence reduction program. Hence, the pool-milk sampling strategy seems well suited to distinguish between herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp ≥ 5% and herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp <5% since only 10% of serum MAP-ELISA positive herds were missed. Employing a logistic regression model, we estimated that the minimum blood serological MAP-Ab-WHPapp to detect a pool-positive herd with a probability of 95% was 8%, which fits well with the aim of the MAP prevalence reduction program to focus on herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp of ≥5%. Despite the limitations of the control approach, which include milk pool sample collection and a low sensitivity of the ELISA used in milk pools and serum samples, the aims of the MAP prevalence reduction program can be achieved. The results of these field data support that pool-milk sample ELISA is a useful, economical, and low labor–intensive tool to identify herds seropositive for MAP in a MAP prevalence reduction program.  相似文献   
8.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(2):1242-1254
Feeding waste milk containing antimicrobial residues (WMA) to calves has been associated with increased antimicrobial resistance in calves' commensal bacterial flora. The objectives of this study were (1) to document practices related to the disposal of WMA on Swiss dairy farms and (2) to evaluate the association between farm characteristics and the feeding of WMA to calves. A web-based questionnaire on practices surrounding waste milk disposal was completed by 1,625 dairy producers (10.9% of solicited producers). Logistic regression models were built to evaluate the association between herd characteristics and the practice of feeding WMA. Waste milk produced during and up to the first milking after completion of antimicrobial treatment or during the withdrawal period was fed to at least some of the calves on 47.3% of respondents' farms. Farms in organic production had lower odds of feeding WMA to calves than nonorganic farms [odds ratio (OR) 0.59]. Farms located in the eastern region of Switzerland, as opposed to those in the western region, had increased odds of feeding WMA to calves (OR 2.01). A yearly average bulk tank somatic cell count ≥150,000 cells/mL was associated with increased odds of feeding WMA to calves compared with the reference category of <100,000 cells/mL (OR 1.62). An average cow-level annual milk production ≥8,500 L was associated with increased odds of feeding WMA to calves compared with farms in the interquartile range with a production of 6,500 to 8,499 L (OR 1.24). Further research is warranted to investigate dairy farmers' motivations affecting this practice, and to quantitatively define calves' exposure to antimicrobial residues and the resulting antimicrobial resistance in calves' commensal flora on these farms.  相似文献   
9.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(4):3176-3191
Milk concentrates are used in the manufacturing of dairy products such as yogurt and cheese or are processed into milk powder. Processes for the nonthermal separation of water and valuable milk ingredients are becoming increasingly widespread at farm level. The technical barriers to using farm-manufactured milk concentrate in dairies are minimal, hence the suspicion that the practice of on-farm raw milk concentration is still fairly uncommon for economic reasons. This study, therefore, set out to investigate farmers' potential willingness to adopt a raw milk concentration plant. The empirical analysis was based on discrete choice experiments with 75 German dairy farmers to identify preferences and the possible adoption of on-farm raw milk concentration. The results showed that, in particular, farmers who deemed the current milk price to be insufficient viewed on-farm concentration using membrane technology as an option for diversifying their milk sales. We found no indication that adoption would be impeded by a lack of trustworthy information on milk processing technologies or capital.  相似文献   
10.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(7):6251-6260
Poor udder health status can have a detrimental effect on milk yield and reproductive performance, leading to reductions in the dairy farm profit. The objective of this retrospective longitudinal study was to assess the associations of somatic cell count (SCC) with daily milk yield and reproductive performance. A database with 1,930,376 lactations from 867 Argentinean grazing dairy herds records collected for 14 years was used. The association of the evolution of SCC (healthy vs. new case vs. cured vs. chronic; with 150,000 SCC/mL as threshold) and of the severity of SCC [mild (150,000­–400,000 SCC/mL) vs. moderate (400,000–1,000,000 SCC/mL) vs. severe (>1,000,000 SCC/mL)] with the odds for conception were estimated. Finally, the associations of the linear score of SCC (LS-SCC) with daily milk yield were estimated depending on parity and milk production quartile. The odds ratios (CI 95%) for conception at first service were 0.921 (0.902–0.941), 0.866 (0.848–0.884), and 0.842 (0.826–0.859) for the new case, cured, and chronic cows compared with healthy cows, respectively. Also, the odds ratios (CI 95%) for conception were 0.902 (0.881–0.925), 0.837 (0.808–0.866) and 0.709 (0.683–0.736) for mild, moderate and severe cases compared with healthy cows, respectively. An increase of one point of LS-SCC was associated with decreases of 0.349, 0.539, and 0.676 kg in daily milk yield for first-, second-, and third-lactation cows, respectively. In conclusion, SCC is negatively associated with the risk for conception and with daily milk yield in grazing dairy cows. This negative relationship with conception is higher when SCC increase occurs after the service date and it is influenced by severity of mastitis, and in the case of milk yield, the negative association is influenced by parity, milk production quartile, and severity of mastitis.  相似文献   
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