Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

To date, the use of biomarkers has become generally accepted. Biomarker‐driven research has been proposed as a successful method to assess the exposure to xenobiotics by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices such as urine or blood. However, the identification and validation of biomarkers of exposure remain a challenge. Recent advances in high‐resolution mass spectrometry along with new analytical (post‐acquisition data‐mining) techniques will improve the quality and output of the biomarker identification process. Chronic or even acute exposure to mycotoxins remains a daily fact, and therefore it is crucial that the mycotoxins’ metabolism is unravelled so more knowledge on biomarkers in humans and animals is acquired. This review aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive overview of reported in vitro and in vivo mycotoxin metabolism studies in relation to biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon‐X, T‐2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, fumonisins, zearalenone, aflatoxins, and sterigmatocystin.     

免疫亲和柱结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中的16种真菌毒素比较研究

目的 通过比较5种不同商品化多合一免疫亲和柱的可检测目标毒素种类、回收率和稳定性,筛选性能最优的免疫亲和柱,建立免疫亲和前处理-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultraperformanceliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定牛奶中16种真菌毒的方法。方法 牛奶样品分别经5种不同多毒素免疫亲和柱进行净化富集,用优化后的UPLC-MS/MS,在多反应监测模式下测定,同位素内标法定量,筛选覆盖牛奶中真菌毒素污染种类全面、回收率和稳定性最佳的免疫亲和柱,并进行免疫亲和柱性能评价和方法学验证,最终将方法应用于实际样品检测。结果 免疫亲和柱A对牛奶中16种真菌毒素在低、中、高3个添加水平均具有良好的准确度和精密度,加标回收率在83.6%～126.8%之间,相对标准偏差为0.2%～18.4%。柱A内各毒素残留水平低于仪器检出限,柱容量在21.8～1317.5 ng之间。使用免疫亲和柱A富集净化样品,各目标毒素在线性范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99,定量限为0.0010～0.2000ng/g。应用该方法对牛奶质...     

Changes in ochratoxin A and type B trichothecenes contained in wheat flour during dough fermentation and bread-baking

Ochratoxin A (OTA) and type B trichothecenes are mycotoxins that occur frequently in cereals and thus can be found in cereal by-products such as bread. The aim of this work was to study the variation of the levels of OTA, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV) during the bread-making process. This was done by using wheat flour spiked with different levels of toxins. Mycotoxin levels were controlled after fermentation of the dough with yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and after further baking at different temperature–time combinations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the results showed a significant reduction in OTA level (p < 0.05) during fermentation of the dough. The reduction ranged between 29.8% and 33.5%, depending on the initial concentration of toxin in the flour. During this period, the level of the other mycotoxins studied was not modified. By contrast, in the baking phase there were significant changes in the levels of the four mycotoxins, although the reduction was similar under all the baking conditions. Considering all the temperature–time conditions tested, it can be concluded that during the baking period the average reduction of OTA, NIV, 3-ADON, and DON was 32.9%, 76.9%, 65.6%, and 47.9%, respectively.     

红曲与核霉素

因红曲中含有桔霉素,将使我国的红曲出口受到很大影响。本文介绍了红曲中桔霉素的产生及合成途径;桔霉素的分子式、结构、物理和化学性质、毒性、抑菌性和检测方法等内容。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测小麦中19种真菌毒素

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法用于检测小麦中19种真菌毒素。方法 样品经乙腈?水?乙酸(70:29:1, V:V:V)振荡提取并低温高速离心后,直接用水稀释提取液并再次低温高速离心,上清液过膜后经C18柱分离,最后用三重四极杆质谱在多反应监测模式下外标法定量测定。结果 在最佳分析条件下,各真菌毒素靶标均获得良好线性范围,相关系数(r)均>0.999;检出限和定量限分别为0.001~5 μg/kg和0.003~15 μg/kg;在3个不同浓度下的加标回收率位于77.08%~119.77%之间,相对标准偏差为0.59%~9.99% (n=6)。结论 该方法具有操作简单、稳定可靠、检测通量高、检测成本低的优点,有望用于大批量小麦产品中真菌毒素质量安全风险评估筛查及验证分析,为政府部门粮食质量安全监管提供技术支撑。     

基于吖啶酯-磁微球的自动化学发光免疫法检测赭曲霉毒素A

该研究建立了一种基于吖啶酯-磁微球的自动化学发光免疫法（Chemiluminescence Immunoassay,CLIA）检测牛奶中的赭曲霉毒素A（Ochratoxin A,OTA）。采用磁微球偶联二抗,吖啶酯标记OTA-BSA偶联物,优化了磁微球浓度、OTA抗体浓度、吖啶酯标记物浓度、抗体和标记物稀释液、反应时间、样品预处理条件等各种CLIA方法的试验条件。结果表明,CLIA方法对OTA的检出限为6.38 ng/kg,半抑制浓度（IC50）为31.40 ng/kg,线性范围为11.23~99.20 ng/kg,批内和批间的变异系数<8%;测定牛奶样品中的OTA时,检出限为25.52 ng/kg,IC50为125.60 ng/kg,线性范围为44.92~396.80 ng/kg,添加回收率为95.08%~105.83%;对赭曲霉毒素B、赭曲霉毒素C的交叉反应率为6.52%和24.57%,对其他真菌毒素均无明显的交叉反应;对牛奶样品的检测结果与高效液相色谱-串联质谱法一致;且CLIA方法的试剂能在2~8 ℃稳定保存9个月以上。该研究建立的CLIA方法,具有灵敏、准确、快速和操作便捷等特点,检测时长仅30 min,尤其适用于大规模牛奶样品中OTA残留的快速筛查。     

Reduction of patulin in aqueous solution by lactic acid bacteria

This study aims to investigate the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to remove patulin (PAT) from aqueous solution with respect to the bacterial viability, initial PAT concentration, incubation time, temperature, and pH. The removal of PAT determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV detector. The maximum PAT uptake was achieved by Bifidobacterium bifidum 6071 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 6149 strains (52.9% and 51.1%) for viable and (54.1% and 52.0%) for nonviable cells after 24 h incubation. The highest removal of PAT was at pH 4.0 and 37 °C and increased with decreasing of toxin levels. The removal ability of selected strains could represent new strategies for a possible application in contaminated food products and animal feed.     

Natural occurrence of fumonisins and characteristics of pamonhas sweet type from Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT

Fresh and frozen pamonhas, a native Brazilian food made with sweet corn (Zea mays L.), similar to the Mexican tamal, which has been incorporated into the country’s diet, were investigated for fumonisins (FBs: FB₁ and FB₂) contamination and product characteristics. The laboratory conditions of the applied fumonisins method with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection were validated. Five out of the total samples showed FBs contamination above the national maximum level of 1000–1500 µg/kg. Despite this, in 59.6% (31) of the samples FB₁ and in 23.1% (12) FB₂ could be detected. The pamonhas characteristics did not show uniformity among the brands surveyed. The moisture content of 59.4% and water activity of 0.97 for both (fresh and frozen) samples showed to be suitable conditions for fungal growth. One sample had a quite high pH. It is essential to establish guidance criteria for pamonha production by the regulatory agencies.