红曲与核霉素

因红曲中含有桔霉素，将使我国的红曲出口受到很大影响。本文介绍了红曲中桔霉素的产生及合成途径；桔霉素的分子式、结构、物理和化学性质、毒性、抑菌性和检测方法等内容。  

Structural characterization of metabolites after the microbial degradation of type A trichothecenes by the bacterial strain BBSH 797

Contamination of feed with trichothecenes, a group of Fusarium mycotoxins, leads to losses in performance due to their immunosupressive effects and the negative effect on the gastrointestinal system in animal production. A possible way of detoxification is microbial degradation, which was the focus of this study. A bacterial strain - BBSH 797 - which can degrade some mycotoxins of the trichothecene group, has already been isolated. It transforms deoxynivalenol (DON) into its metabolite DOM-1, the non-toxic deepoxide of DON. Analogous to the microbial degradation of DON, the transformation of six different type A trichothecenes was observed. The metabolites appearing were characterized by GC-MS after derivatization with TRI-SIL®TBT. Two metabolites were additionally identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with particle beam interface (LC-PB-MS) with electron impact (EI)-ionization mode. The major finding was that scirpentriol was completely transformed into its non-toxic metabolite deepoxy scirpentriol, while the mycotoxin T-2 triol underwent a more complicated metabolism. According to the study, T-2-triol was degraded into its non-toxic deepoxy form and into T-2 tetraol, which was then further metabolized to deepoxy T-2 tetraol. GC-MS after derivatization with TRI-SIL®TBT was suitable for the structural characterization of trichothecenes and their degradation products. Besides the mass spectra of already known degradation products, spectra of new metabolites could be recorded by LC-PB-MS.  

国内外粮食中真菌毒素限量标准制定的现状与分析

粮食在田间和储藏中极易受到霉菌侵染而产生真菌毒素.这些真菌毒素的存在对消费者产生了潜在的健康危害,因此建立粮食中完善的真菌毒素限量标准体系很有必要.主要讨论了目前国际上存在的真菌毒素限量标准及其不足.  

Ochratoxin A in dried vine fruit: method development and survey

A method is described for the determination of concentrations of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in dried vine fruits (currants, raisins and sultanas) using acidic methanolic extraction,immunoaffinity chromatography clean-up and HPLC determination. The limit of detection was estimated as 0.2mug/kg, and recoveries of 63-77% were achieved at 5mug/kg. HPLC-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identity of ochratoxin was obtained. Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins were determined in 60 samples of retail dried vine fruits purchased in the United Kingdom. Ochratoxin A was found in excess of 0.2mug/kg in 19 of 20 currant, 17 of 20 sultana and 17 of 20 raisin samples examined, an overall incidence of 88% . The maximum level found was 53.6mug/kg. No aflatoxin was found in any sample analysed, using a method with a detection limit of 0.2mug/kg for each of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2.  

谷物霉菌毒素的危害及其控制措施的研究

霉菌毒素是有毒的霉菌次级代谢产物，能通过粮食和畜产品等途径严重危害人类和动物的健康，而作为人类食物和动物饲料中最主要的能量供给原料，玉米、小麦、稻谷等谷物现已深受霉菌毒素问题的困扰。本文介绍了霉菌及霉菌毒素的概念，综述了霉菌毒素的毒性危害作用，分析了我国食用谷物和饲用谷物霉菌毒素的污染情况，总结了目前动物生产业解决霉菌毒素问题的一些控制方案，旨在为食物安全和动物生产安全方面提供一定的借鉴。  

啤酒及其生产原料中的真菌毒素

真菌毒素是由真菌产生的一类次级代谢产物,而啤酒及其生产原料的真菌毒素感染则对人们饮用啤酒的安全性造成了威胁。本文综述了赭曲毒素A(Ochratoxin,OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马毒素(Fumonisin,FB)和黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin,AFB)对啤酒及其生产原料的感染情况、分析方法和限量标准,并简要介绍了谷物中真菌毒素感染的预防措施和脱毒技术。  

利用生物技术防控、消减粮食及其制品中的真菌毒素

近年来生物技术在粮食生产、储藏、加工、粮油食品检测等环节得到广泛应用,相对于传统技术表现出了独特优势.主要综述了利用生物技术在消减、防控粮食及其制品中真茵毒素方面的最新研究进展.生物技术在毒素消减方面的应用主要是通过微生物吸收、转化降解和酶制剂的专一性降解真茵毒素;利用微生物防治产毒真菌和利用生物技术培育拮抗真菌、分解毒素新品种也是当前研究的热点.  

粮食真菌毒素污染的预防与脱毒

粮食真菌毒素的预防包括预防粮食作物田间生长及收获后储藏过程中毒素的生物合成及代谢。真菌毒素的脱毒主要指除去、破坏及减少毒素作用的收获后处理。田间及储藏中没能有效控制真菌毒素的合成必将导致对人类健康的危害及经济损失，而有效的监控将避免真菌毒素成为威胁人类健康的污染源。应用综合预防措施将是控制真菌毒素的有效策略。本文强调的收获前后措施将依特别年份的特定的气候条件而定。弄清适于真菌污染、生长和产毒环境因素是有效控制食物及饲料中真菌毒素的关键措施。有很多新的有效的收获前预防策略正在开发，如利用转基因技术创造粮食作物抗性新品种及利用非产毒真菌菌株生物防治等。收获后的防止真菌毒素产生主要依赖于收获前后的良好的管理措施。脱毒策略可分为物理、化学或微生物脱毒技术，这些脱毒技术主要通过破坏、修饰或吸附真菌毒素，从而达到减少或消除毒素作用。  

值得广泛和持续关注的食品安全问题

本文综述了不同食品种类中的主要不安全成分，包装和加工对食品安全的影响，食品安全研究和开发的重点，并以英国为例介绍了食品安全的立法情况。  

杂色曲霉产毒培养物的诱变性研究

杂色曲霉产毒培养物提取液的Ａｍｅｓ试验结果显示，４株杂色曲霉产毒培养物提取液，在不加和加Ｓ－９活化两种条件下，其中２株产毒培养物提取液对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株ＴＡ９８和ＴＡ１００显示致诱变性，各剂量组回变菌落数为阴性对照的２～１４．２倍，且剂量与效应呈正相关（ＴＡ９８ｒ＝０．８８３～０．９９８，ＴＡ１００ｒ＝０．９７３～１．０）。在加入Ｓ－９活化条件下，各剂量组回变菌落数是－Ｓ９时的１．４～２．９倍。说明杂色曲霉产毒培养物经微粒体酶代谢系统活化后，毒性作用增强。