首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   253篇
  免费   25篇
  国内免费   1篇
综合类   1篇
化学工业   9篇
机械仪表   1篇
建筑科学   2篇
能源动力   3篇
轻工业   253篇
石油天然气   5篇
一般工业技术   3篇
自动化技术   2篇
  2023年   6篇
  2022年   6篇
  2021年   10篇
  2020年   7篇
  2019年   8篇
  2018年   7篇
  2017年   12篇
  2016年   19篇
  2015年   10篇
  2014年   6篇
  2013年   7篇
  2012年   9篇
  2011年   10篇
  2010年   14篇
  2009年   8篇
  2008年   13篇
  2007年   14篇
  2006年   12篇
  2005年   15篇
  2004年   15篇
  2003年   9篇
  2002年   11篇
  2001年   4篇
  2000年   2篇
  1999年   4篇
  1998年   3篇
  1997年   2篇
  1996年   8篇
  1995年   5篇
  1994年   2篇
  1993年   6篇
  1992年   3篇
  1991年   1篇
  1990年   5篇
  1989年   4篇
  1985年   1篇
  1980年   1篇
排序方式: 共有279条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
本研究以大鼠小肠隐窝上皮细胞(IEC-6)为对象,通过体外实验,采用3种不同的巴氏杀菌方式(63℃、30 min,72℃、15 s和85℃、15 s)处理牛源乳铁蛋白,模拟婴儿胃肠道消化环境,利用所得的牛源乳铁蛋白水解液刺激IEC-6细胞,研究乳铁蛋白在巴氏杀菌后的免疫活性。结果表明:巴氏杀菌后的乳铁蛋白水解物仍具有促进肠细胞增殖的免疫学活性,且呈剂量依赖性。流式细胞实验结果证实巴氏杀菌后的牛源乳铁蛋白水解液可提高IEC-6细胞在G2/M期和S期的比例,并降低细胞凋亡率。反转录实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测结果表明,牛源乳铁蛋白水解液提高cyclin B1、CDK1和cyclin E1的表达水平,降低p21的表达水平。综上可知,巴氏杀菌不能完全使乳铁蛋白免疫基团失活。两种巴氏杀菌方法(72℃、15 s和85℃、15 s),尤其是85℃、15 s处理,在保证食品安全的同时可最大限度地保留乳铁蛋白的免疫活性。3种巴氏杀菌后的乳铁蛋白水解液促进肠道免疫的最佳质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL。  相似文献   
2.
目的探究绵羊液态乳的热加工特性。方法以牛乳为对照,分别通过低温长时杀菌((65±2)℃/30 min)、高温短时杀菌(85±2)℃/15 s)和超巴氏杀菌((121±2)℃/5 s)对绵羊乳进行杀菌处理,分析3种巴氏杀菌方式对绵羊乳pH值、黏度、蛋白沉淀量、酪蛋白粒径、zeta电位的影响,评价其热稳定性。结果相比于未处理组,3种巴氏杀菌处理均会显著增加绵羊乳pH值,超巴氏杀菌处理会引起绵羊乳黏度及蛋白沉淀量显著增大(P0.05);在高温短时和超巴氏杀菌处理下,绵羊乳酪蛋白粒径显著增加(P0.05),分别达到185.33 nm和242.70 nm。不同巴氏杀菌绵羊乳间Zeta电位无显著性差异;在同样处理条件下,牛乳黏度、蛋白沉淀量及酪蛋白粒径变化程度均小于绵羊乳。结论绵羊乳热加工特性较牛乳脆弱,加工温度易引起品质劣变,低温长时杀菌方式对绵羊乳的理化特性影响最小。  相似文献   
3.
The effect of pasteurization and retort processing on spectral, morphological, thermal, physico‐mechanical, barrier and optical properties of three different packaging materials viz., PP/N6/PP, PET/N6/cPP and SiOx‐PET/N6/cPP were studied. These packaging materials were packed with distilled water, which acted as a food simulant. Subsequently, these pouches were subjected to different thermal processing conditions such as pasteurization and retort processing. Both the processing techniques found to have retained the mechanical properties of all packaging materials. Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of nylon‐based combinations were increased after processing. Gloss found to decrease invariably irrespective of the material and increases with the severity of the treatment. XRD diffractogram shows changes in crystal structure as a result of thermal processing, and SEM analysis shows the crystal fragmentation. Absorption of water by the amide group of nylon 6 was observed, which could be a reason for the increase in OTR and WVTR. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
4.
The objective of the current research was to determine if pasteurization of nonsaleable waste milk influences fecal Salmonella concentrations and prevalence, or antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype of the cultured isolates. Holstein dairy calves (n = 211) were housed on a single commercial dairy in the southwestern United States and randomly allotted to be fed either pasteurized (PWM; n = 128 calves) or nonpasteurized waste milk (NPWM; n = 83 calves). Fecal samples were collected via rectal palpation or from freshly voided, undisturbed fecal pats, weekly during the first 4 wk of the animal's life and then again at weaning. Eight total collections were made and 1,117 fecal samples cultured for Salmonella. One isolate from each culture-positive fecal sample was preserved for antimicrobial susceptibility screening and serotyping. Sixty-nine percent of the fecal samples were culture positive for Salmonella with no difference due to treatment (67.7 and 69% Salmonella positive for PWM and NPWM treatments, respectively). Few fecal samples (178/1,117; 15.9%) contained Salmonella concentrations above the limit of detection (~1 cfu/g of feces) with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 6.46 cfu (log10)/g of feces. Concentration was not affected by treatment. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, the majority of which were Montevideo and Anatum. A greater percentage of Typhimurium (87 vs. 13%), Muenchen (88 vs. 12%), and Derby (91 vs. 9%) were recovered from calves fed PWM compared with NPWM-fed calves. Conversely, Newport (12.5 vs. 86%), Bredeney (22.2 vs. 77.8%), and Muenster (12.5 vs. 87.5%) were lower in PWM compared with NPWM treatments. The majority (66.7%) of isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics examined. Results from this one commercial dairy suggest that milkborne Salmonella is not an important vector of transmission in dairy neonates, nor does pasteurization of waste milk influence fecal shedding of this pathogen. Caution should be used, however, when extrapolating results to other farms as Salmonella contamination of milk on farm is well documented. The potential benefits of pasteurization in disease prevention outweigh the potential risks of feeding a nonpasteurized product and warrants incorporation into any calf-rearing program using nonsaleable waste milk for feeding young dairy neonates.  相似文献   
5.
6.
Research investigating the effects of feeding raw or pasteurized nonsaleable milk (NSM) on heifers' performance beyond the period of supplementation is limited. This study aimed to examine the effects of type of milk [NSM or milk replacer (MR)] and pasteurization of NSM on preweaning and first-lactation performance of heifers born with low (<36.3 kg) or normal birth weight (≥36.3 kg). Holstein heifers (n = 154) were sequentially assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: MR, pasteurized NSM, or raw NSM. Heifers assigned to raw NSM were fed raw colostrum, whereas heifers assigned to MR and pasteurized NSM were fed pasteurized colostrum. The low birth weight heifers were fed 1.4 L at each feeding until they reached 36.3 kg body weight, whereas normal birth weight heifers were fed 1.9 L at each feeding. A grain mix starter was offered throughout the study. Heifers were weaned ≥42 d old if consuming at least 0.9 kg/d of starter for 3 consecutive days. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), and the basic model included milk treatments, birth weight group, and treatment × birth weight group. The low birth weight heifers fed raw colostrum and NSM versus pasteurized colostrum and NSM had lower serum protein concentrations. Heifers fed MR versus NSM had or tended to have greater concentrations of hematocrit, red blood cells, and eosinophils but lesser concentrations of platelets, although some of those responses were temporary. Pasteurization tended to increase blood lymphocyte concentrations. Heifers with normal birth weight had greater concentrations of blood neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, compared with low birth weight heifers. For the first 42 d of life, low birth weight heifers fed pasteurized versus raw NSM had greater weight gain, grain intake, and feed efficiency and were weaned earlier (hazard ratio for weaning by 56 d: 2.90). These pasteurization effects for low birth weight heifers tended to be sustained through 24 wk of age, indicated by greater weight gain and hip height growth. In their first lactation, low birth weight heifers produced less mature-equivalent (MEq) protein and tended to produce less MEq milk and fat than normal birth weight heifers. However, the negative effects of low birth weight on MEq milk and fat yield was only evident in heifers fed raw NSM, whereas the performance of low birth weight heifers was similar to that of normal birth weight when fed MR or pasteurized NSM. These findings confirm that calf management practices influence future performance; in this case, failing to pasteurize milk and colostrum for low birth weight heifers had effects that remained apparent for more than 2 years.  相似文献   
7.
Oil bodies (OBs) are natural pre-emulsion systems and an ideal green food additive. However, their proclivity to oxidation limits the applications of OBs. In this study, the effect of pasteurization (85 and 125 °C; 1 min) on membrane proteins and the oxidative stability of various OBs (soybean, sunflower, peanut, sesame, and walnut) were investigated. The membrane proteins are extracted from the OBs. The ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization (125 °C, 1 min) eliminated lipoxygenase of soybean and peanut OBs. Furthermore, oleosin exhibited a higher denaturation temperature (approximately 100 °C) than extrinsic proteins (approximately 50 °C). Pasteurization induced the conversion of the α-helix structure to a disordered structure by rearranging the hydrogen bonds. The pasteurized soybean and peanut OBs exhibited a high oxidative stability owing to their stable membrane structures and decreased lipoxygenase activity, while sunflower, sesame, and walnut OBs did not exhibit good oxidative stability because of their vulnerable membranes, a large number of unsaturated fatty acids, and severe aggregation of droplets. Simulated milk based on pasteurized soybean and peanut OBs (125 °C, 1 min) maintained outstanding storage stability. These results confirmed that pasteurized soybean and peanut OBs have the potential as a skim milk additive for the benefit of the consumer.  相似文献   
8.
This study evaluated the individual and combined efficacies of physical processing techniques such as heating, Dynashock multi-frequency ultrasound waves, ultraviolet-C (UV-C), and additives such as sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, α- and β-Pinene for pasteurization of orange and apple juices against acid-adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7. In heated apple juice, log-linear inactivation of the test organism resulted in D values which were used to calculate for the recommended 5-log reduction process schedules (t5D) at 45, 50, 52, 55, and 60 °C equal to 481.5, 103.6, 45.0, 22.4, and 10.54 min, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 exhibited biphasic inactivation composed of a slow inactivation lag, followed by log-linear inactivation in ultrasound-treated juice. t5D schedules were similarly calculated at 54.7 and 77.5 min for orange and apple juice, respectively. Lethal rate analyses in the ultrasound-treated apple juice revealed that 85% of the reduction in E. coli population was due to the heat liberated by cavitation. Combined ultrasound and UV-C treatment resulted in greater inactivation rates in both juices, with greater efficacy in apple juice. Supplementation of all tested additives, whether singly or in combination, similarly resulted in significantly shorter t5D schedules in both juices.  相似文献   
9.
Thermal inactivation kinetics of heat resistant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs processed by hot water immersion were determined and the effects of the processing on egg quality were evaluated. Shell eggs were inoculated with a composite of heat resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strains PT8 C405, 2 (FSIS #OB030832), and 6 (FSIS #OB040159). Eggs were immersed in a circulating hot water bath for various times and temperatures. Come‐up time of the coldest location within the egg was 21 min. SE was reduced by 4.5 log at both hot water immersion treatments of 56.7 C for 60 min and 55.6 °C for 100 min. Decimal reduction times (D‐values) at 54.4, 55.6, and 56.7 °C were 51.8, 14.6, and 9.33 min, respectively. The z‐value was 3.07 °C. Following treatments that resulted in a 4.5 log reduction (56.7 °C/60 min and 55.6 °C/100 min), the surviving population of SE remained static during 4 wk of refrigerated storage. After processing under conditions resulting in 4.5 log reductions, the Haugh unit and albumen height significantly increased (P < 0.01) and yolk index significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The shell dynamic stiffness significantly increased (P < 0.05), while static compression shell strength showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Vitelline membrane strength significantly increased (P < 0.05); although, no significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in vitelline membrane elasticity. In summary, the hot water immersion process inactivated heat resistant SE in shell eggs by 4.5 log, but also significantly affected several egg quality characteristics.  相似文献   
10.
Cleaning of milk fouling on plate heat exchanger surface causes intermittent downtime to milk processing industry. Fouling occurrence during milk pasteurization potentially reduces the heat transfer rate of plate heat exchanger (PHE), leading to serious energy deficiency. In this study, the development of milk surface foulant was successfully inhibited by superhydrophobic nanoparticulate coating of PHE surfaces. Full dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix was completed using ultrasonication and high temperature annealing techniques. Nanomorphology and surface structure of PTFE and CNT-PTFE films on stainless steel surface were interpreted by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). To validate the hydrophobicity of the developed CNT-PTFE nanocomposite coated surface, a water contact angle (WCA) using a simplified sessile drop method, correspondent surface energy, foulant mass, and energy efficiency after milk pasteurization were estimated and compared with stainless steel 316 and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated surfaces. Static contact angles for the control, PTFE-coated and CNT-PTFE surfaces increased from 71.2 to 119.6 and 141.1°, respectively. By application of CNT-PTFE nanocomposite coating, the estimated surface energy of heat exchanger surface decreased by 97.0% of its original value. After continuous milk pasteurization for 5 h, the mass of foulant on CNT-PTFE coated heat exchanger surface was 70.3% less than that of the uncoated surface; thus, total energy consumption of test PHE unit also dropped down by 10.2%. Developed CNT-PTFE nanocomposite coated surface will potentially reduce the risk of under-processed milk and decrease the frequency of the routine cleaning-in-place (CIP) program.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号