Organochlorine Contaminants of Wintering Ducks Foraging on Detroit River Sediments

Organochlorine analysis was performed on carcasses of 13 diving ducks from a 1981 wintering population that foraged on contaminated sediments in the lower Detroit River. Mean total PCB concentrations were 10 mg/kg for seven lesser scaups (Aythya affinis), 11 mg/kg for three greater scaups (A. marila), and 7.6 mg/kg for three goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula). Highest mean levels of other residues were measured for hexachlorobenzene (1.7 mg/kg) in goldeneyes, and transnonachlor (0.33 mg/kg) and 4,4’-DDE (1.3 mg/kg) in greater scaup. Quantitative analysis of 72 PCB congeners also was applied to water, seston, sediment, benthie oligochaetes, and carp from the same site. Principal congeners in most of the samples included some of the more toxic and persistent PCBs. Results of a multivariate analysis indicated that ratios of more conservative to less conservative PCBs did not vary significantly among ducks (α = .05), but differed from those in carp, oligochaetes, and sediment. For the February through March period of fat mobilization, concentrations of total PCB in lipid were inversely correlated with percent lipid (r = 0.76) in ducks. The percentage of conservative PCBs increased slightly. The distribution and partitioning of organochlorines, including toxic PCB congeners, varied considerably within this water column-sediment-fauna ecosystem. Estimates of toxic exposure based on total PCB values may be unreliable.     

Photoresponsive peptide and polypeptide systems: part II. Photochromism of poly(l-ornithine) containing various azo-contents in side chains

Poly(L-ornithine)s having various azo-contents in the side chains were synthesized by the water-soluble carbodiimide procedure. The photochemical properties of the polypeptides poly[N^δ-p-(phenylazo)benzoyl-L-ornithine] (PPABLO) containing 3–77 mol% azobenzene were investigated by absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy in hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) or water, and in HFIP-water or methanol-water solvent mixtures. The photochromism of the dichroic bands of the PPABLOs containing 20–77 mol% azobenzene in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength regions was found to be mostly reversible as a function of irradiation time at different wavelengths due to the photostationary state (above 80% trans-cis photoisomerization) of the azo aromatic moieties. The PPABLO containing 3.2 mol% azobenzene in water exhibited conformational changes from random coil to helix by the addition of methanol or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The photo-induced conformational change was observed in HFIP-water-SDS solvent mixtures, while no conformational change was seen in water and HFIP-water solvent mixtures.     

Preliminary Assessment of Contaminants in Soft Sediments of the Detroit River

Soft sediments from the Detroit River were analyzed for the USEPA priority pollutants to generally characterize contaminant distribution. Forty-three were detected. Highest heavy metal concentrations were found in the Trenton Channel and immediately downstream of Grosse Ile. They ranged from an area mean (N = 2) of 0.19 mg/kg mercury to 338.7 mg/kg zinc (dry weight). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ranged from 0.1 mg/kg to 38.8 mg/kg (mean, N = 2) with the highest levels near Grosse Ile. PCBs ranged from 0.015 mg/kg to 1.7 mg/kg (mean, N = 2). Organochlorine pesticides were not detected except for a trace of heptachlor in one sample. Sediment contamination in the Detroit River is widespread with higher concentrations on the U.S. side downstream of the Rouge River and in the Trenton Channel. The significance of these in-place pollutants to biota and as a source to Lake Erie is still unknown.     

Determination of heavy metals and volatile aromatic compounds in used engine oils and sludges

Assessment of contaminant releases during utilization of used oils is essential for the determination of environmental acceptability. These paper reports the results of the study examining a toxic metal leachability from used engine oil and sludge samples employing leaching test (TCLP). The leaching test indicated that lead in oil samples exceeded 5-ppm concentration level what qualified them as a toxic waste. The samples of contaminated sludge were found to contain high concentration of total lead, barium and chromium, but the leaching test showed concentration below regulatory limit. The total content of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes (BETX), and naphthalene in used oil and sludge samples was also determined and was found not to be a significant factor to contamination.     

高效液相色谱定量分析煤衍生重质产品

针对煤衍生重质产品的组分分析,以高效液相色谱（HPLC）研究了其定量问题。首先,建立高分辨的色谱分离体系,使组分得以好的分离和定性。对各分离组分定量测定采用了外标法和外标-定量因子法。实验表明准确定量的技术关键在于：溶解样品溶剂的合理选择;配制样品溶液浓度的正确控制;配制样品溶液的进一步处理技术。     

氰基衍生物的合成及在新农药创制中的应用

介绍了氰基衍生物的合成方法,叙述了由相应芳基卤化物催化合成(杂)芳基腈的进展,同时阐述了氰基衍生物在新农药创制中的应用。     

Do the VOCs that evaporate from a heavily polluted river threaten the health of riparian residents?

To understand the potential threat of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the health of residents living close to a heavily polluted river, this study investigated the species and the concentration of VOCs evaporating from a river and surveyed the health condition of the nearby residents. Air samples were taken seasonally at the upstream, midstream, and downstream water surfaces of the river, and at different locations at certain distances from the river. These samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC/ECD) for chlorinated organic compounds, and through gas chromatography and flame ionization detector (GC/FID) for ordinary hydrocarbons. The health data obtained from valid health questionnaires of 908 residents were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Twenty-six species of VOCs were identified in the environment adjacent the river, many of which are carcinogenic or believed to be carcinogenic to humans. However, results of this study shows that the VOCs evaporating from the polluted river have not been definitively identified as a major factor of cancer in the residents. However, the risk of suffering from certain chronic diseases may increase in residents living less than 225 m away from the river due to the high levels of evaporated VOCs. Residents living less than 225 m away from the river and with nearby specific industries are 3.130 times more at risk of suffering from chronic diseases than those with no nearby specific industries.     

Bioremediation of Petroleum contaminated soils collected all around China: The extensive application and the microbial mechanism

A commercial microbial agent (Devoroil) was applied to study the biodegradation efficiency of four petroleum contaminated soils/sediment collected all around China. After 40 days of biodegradation, the total petroleum hydrocarbons removal rates were 41.8%, 95.7%, 84.5% and 93.5%. The soil achieved the lowest biodegradation efficiency was chosen to conduct another bioremediation experiment to study the degradation dynamics of petroleum and the microbial mechanism. The results showed that biodegradation dynamics correspond to a negative index relation. The analysis of PCR-DGGE exhibited that Thioalkalivibrio sp., Nocardia sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were probably the dominant functional microbes in the contaminated environment.     

燃煤电厂飞灰PM_(2.5)及PM_(2.5-10)中多环芳烃分布特性研究

通过试验装置从飞灰样品中分离出PM2.5和PM2.5-10灰样,利用GC-MS检测出其中USEPA建议优先检测的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量分数,分析了这些多环芳烃在PM2.5和PM2.5-10中的分布特性.结果表明:PM2.5中PAHs的平均质量分数约为PM2.5-10中的1.86倍;PM2.5中三环、四环PAHs占主要部分,PM2.5和PM2.5-10中六环PAHs质量分数均较小;PM2.5和PM2.5-10对不同PAHs的吸附能力不同,PM2.5对二环、三环、四环PAHs的吸附能力强于PM2.5-10,而对五环、六环PAHs的吸附能力相对偏弱.     

Engine autoignition: The relationship between octane numbers and autoignition delay times

The research octane (RON) and motor octane (MON) numbers, carefully measured in standardized tests, are the principal parameters for characterizing autoignition of gasoline in engines. Increasingly, engines operate under different conditions of temperature, pressure, and mixture strength from those in these tests. As a result, RON and MON values become an incomplete guide to the onset of knock, and the octane index (OI), an octane number under operational conditions, is often measured. Values of the OI were measured with different fuels in a controlled autoignition single-cylinder engine, at different initial temperatures and pressures, at the instant of 10% heat release. Fundamental understanding of engine autoignition was sought by finding the OIs of different non-primary reference fuels (non-PRFs) by identifying the corresponding PRFs that give 10% heat release under identical conditions. The autoignition delay times of the PRFs were obtained from the shock tube data, for different temperatures and pressures, of the Aachen group. It was sufficiently accurate to equate the delay time of a non-PRF to that of the corresponding PRF under the same conditions for 10% heat release. The PRFs exhibited a higher value of the inverse pressure exponent for the delay time than the non-PRFs. Together with different temperature dependencies, these gave autoignition delay times of non-PRFs that could be higher than those of their associated RONs. This tendency increased with pressure and decreased with temperature and was most marked with olefenic and toluenic fuels. This could result in values of the OI that were higher than the RON of the fuel. This is important because, for a number of evolutionary reasons, engine pressures are tending to increase and temperatures to decrease.