A trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) perfusion model approach to elucidate the role of blood removal for lipid oxidation and colour changes in ice-stored fish muscle

Whole body saline-perfused rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was ice-stored for 4 weeks and compared with unwashed/washed minces from unbled and bled trout in terms of rancid odour, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and redness loss. Muscle from saline-perfused fish, which had 72% less total haem, was deficient in rancid odour during the whole storage, while bled (54% less haem) and unbled samples developed rancid odour already after ~4 and 2 days; higher intensity without bleeding. PV/TBARS also developed in the order unbled > bled > perfused samples; however, PV/TBARS were not as completely prevented as rancid odour after perfusion. Saline washing (3 × 3 volumes) of unbled mince removed 84% haem and yielded the second most stable sample while saline washing (1 × 1 volumes) destabilised unbled mince, despite 64% haem removal. Concurrent antioxidant removal during washing of minces obviously counteracted the effect of blood removal and washing fish mince with small volumes of solution should be used with great care.     

Optimisation of rancidity stability in long‐chain PUFA concentrates obtained from a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by‐product

This research was focused on the production of polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates from a farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by‐product (i.e. belly muscle). The effect of different process variables (urea/fatty acids (FA) contents ratio, crystallisation time and temperature and stirring speed of the urea/FA mixture) on the lipid oxidation development during the urea complexation process was investigated. For this purpose, an experimental design (26 runs) following the response‐surface methodology was developed. As a result, peroxide value and TOTOX index showed to be dependent on the crystallisation time and temperature and the urea/FA ratio, while no influence of the crystallisation stirring speed was detected on both indices; additionally, polyene index was affected by the urea/FA ratio and its interaction with the crystallisation time. An optimised desirability score near 1.0 was attained provided values of 2.8 °C, 3.05 h and 3.57 were applied for crystallisation temperature, crystallisation time and urea/FA ratio, respectively.     

Solubilized Cellulose and Dehydrated Potato Extract in Cooked, Low-fat Comminuted Beef

ABSTRACT The optimal level of use of NP-5, a dehydrated potato extract, and solubilized cellulose (SC), a highly functional form of cellulose in a comminuted beef product was determined so that water holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield and resistance to rancidity would be maximized. NP-5 was a very effective antioxidant and water binding ingredient at 1.5%. Addition of SC resulted in a more moist product and improved the cooking yield compared to the control. Addition of NP-5 and SC resulted in extended overall storage stability.     

Rancidity development during the chilled storage of farmed Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is a fatty fish species whose farming production has greatly increased in recent years. Lipid damage produced during Coho salmon chilled storage was studied for up to 24 d. Lipid hydrolysis (free fatty acids, FFA) and oxidation (conjugated dienes; peroxide value, PV; thiobarbituric acid index, TBA‐i; fluorescent compounds formation, FR; browning development) were determined and compared to lipid composition (polyene index, PI; astaxanthin, AX) changes and sensory assessment (rancid odour development) results. Most lipid damage indices developed slowly during storage; thus, values obtained for FFA, PV, TBA‐i and FR were in all cases under 1.5 g/100 g, 4.0 meq oxygen/kg lipid, 0.40 mg malondialdehyde/kg muscle and 0.40, respectively. Odour assessment showed a significant (p <0.05) rancidity development at day 10, when compared to starting fish material; then, non‐acceptable values were obtained at days 19 and 24. The PI analysis showed not many differences during the storage time, with the lowest mean value at day 19. AX analysis indicated a relatively high content in the white muscle, which was maintained till the end of the experiment. A low oxidation development is concluded for Coho salmon lipids when compared to other fatty fish species under the same chilling conditions. AX was found to contribute to the oxidation stability of Coho salmon lipids, due to its free radical scavenger properties.     

Recent observations on the occurrence of fishy flavour in bacon

An examination of reject bacon samples supplied directly from a factory showed that some samples described by a sensory panel as oily and fishy contained significantly higher levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in their fat than normal samples. When bacon samples obtained from retail outlets were similarly analysed and then subjected to sensory assessment, those found to contain long chain PUFA were given significantly higher scores for oily and fishy flavour. Observations on the fatty acid composition of fishy bacon samples as compared to non-fishy ones and further investigation into the diets of pigs producing suspect carcasses led to the conclusion that too high a content of fish products in the diet was the main cause of the problem. Contrary to what had been believed, fresh non-fishy bacon samples did not develop fishy flavour after storage at ?20°C for 15 weeks. Perceived fishiness was not related to total copper content as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

储存期间鱼粉中脂质的劣变规律

鱼粉在储存过程中油脂易受外界环境的影响发生氧化劣变,导致鱼粉的品质下降。通过检测油脂的过氧化值(POV)、酸价(AV)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA),获得3种不同产地鱼粉在自然储存条件下油脂品质的变化规律。以期得到有价值的数据,服务于鱼粉的实际储存。研究结果表明:在自然条件下通风、避光储存15个月后,进口鱼粉(秘鲁)、国产鱼粉(玉环)、国产鱼粉(温岭)的AV分别由2.01、1.11、2.43 mg/g升至7.23、6.22、6.79 mg/g。TBA分别由15.5、8.96、7.30 mg/kg升至43.79、34.63、28.34 mg/kg。POV分别上升到16.97、24.64、16.62 mmol/kg后开始下降;研究还证明了脱脂显著降低了鱼粉AV、TBA、POV的含量及其在储存过程中的AV、TBA、POV的生成量,脱脂利于鱼粉的储存。     

植物油循环充氮工艺研究

油脂的氧化酸败速度与溶于油脂中的氧量有关,油脂的吸氧量可达其体积的15%~150%或质量的0.02%~0.2%,利用溶气泵的高强度气液混合特性,将99.99%的氮气在氮气压力0.05~0.15 MPa、流量5.0~150.0 L/min条件下,与植物油进行充分循环混合12~24 h,强行替换、排出油脂中吸收的氧气,以提高植物油的储存稳定性,并有效防止PET包装瓶的瘪瓶现象。     

Catalysis of Lipid Oxidation by Iron from an Insoluble Fraction of Beef Diaphragm Muscle

An insoluble fraction of beef diaphragm muscle was found to catalyze lipid oxidation in the presence of reducing compounds. Ascorbate (100 μM) catalyzed the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 3.3, 8.3 and 7.3-fold more effectively than cysteine, superoxide and NADPH, respectively. Ascorbate/insoluble fraction-catalyzed lipid oxidation was inhibited bv EDTA, ceruloolasmin, catalase and superoxide dismutase indicating the iivolvemknt of iron, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion. Both lipid oxidation and the release of iron from the insoluble fraction increased with increasing pH (5.0–7.0) in the presence of ascorbate. Iron bound to the insoluble components of beef muscle could be involved in catalysis of lipid oxidation.     

以糌粑为原料的华夫饼干货架期研究

为明确以糌粑为原料的华夫饼干的货架期,将华夫饼分别贮存于50和70℃条件下进行货架期加速实验,对华夫饼进行感官评价、质构测定和过氧化值测定,比较加速实验条件下华夫饼的货架期。并在此基础上,通过添加特丁基对苯二酚（Tertiary butylhydroquinone,TBHQ）比较其对防止糌粑华夫饼干氧化哈败的效果。结果发现,50℃加速条件下存放12 d后,糌粑华夫饼干的品质迅速下降,产品硬度下降49.53%,脆度下降58.02%,过氧化值上升0.84倍;70℃时品质下降更严重。综合过氧化值与感官评价,确定过氧化值达0.086 g/100 g时,华夫饼干开始出现明显哈败味,由此作为贮藏终点预测产品在常温（20℃）下的货架期仅为30 d。当原料中添加TBHQ后,华夫饼过氧化值增速放缓,说明TBHQ对糌粑饼干的氧化反应起到一定的阻止作用。经预测,添加0.2 g/kg TBHQ后糌粑华夫饼干的货架期（常温20℃）可达66 d。     

Textural,Rheological and Sensory Properties and Oxidative Stability of Nut Spreads—A Review

Tree nuts are rich in macro and micronutrients, phytochemicals, tocopherols and phenolic compounds. The development of nut spreads would potentially increase the food uses of nuts and introduce consumers with a healthier, non-animal breakfast snack food. Nut spreads are spreadable products made from nuts that are ground into paste. Roasting and milling (particle size reduction) are two important stages for the production of nut spreads that affected the textural, rheological characteristic and overall quality of the nut spread. Textural, color, and flavor properties of nut spreads play a major role in consumer appeal, buying decisions and eventual consumption. Stability of nut spreads is influenced by its particle size. Proper combination of ingredients (nut paste, sweetener, vegetable oil and protein sources) is also required to ensure a stable nut spread product is produced. Most of the nut spreads behaved like a non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic fluid under yield stress which help the producers how to start pumping and stirring of the nut spreads. Similar to other high oil content products, nut spreads are susceptible to autoxidation. Their oxidation can be controlled by application of antioxidants, using processing techniques that minimize tocopherol and other natural antioxidant losses.