Feeding behavior parameters and temporal patterns in mid-lactation Holstein cows across a range of residual feed intake values

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measurement of the difference between actual and predicted feed intake when adjusted for energy sinks; more efficient cows eat less than predicted (low RFI) and inefficient cows eat more than predicted (high RFI). Data evaluating the relationship between RFI and feeding behaviors (FB) are limited in dairy cattle; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine daily and temporal FB in mid-lactation Holstein cows across a range of RFI values. Mid-lactation Holstein cows (n = 592 multiparous; 304 primiparous) were enrolled in 17 cohorts at 97 ± 26 d in milk (± standard deviation), and all cows within a cohort were fed a common diet using automated feeding bins. Cow RFI was calculated as the difference between predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) after accounting for parity, days in milk, milk energy, metabolic body weight and change, and experiment. The associations between RFI and FB at the level of meals and daily totals were evaluated using mixed models with the fixed effect of RFI and the random effects of cow and cohort. Daily temporal FB analyses were conducted using 2-h blocks and analyzed using mixed models with the fixed effects of RFI, time, RFI × time, and cohort, and the random effect of cow (cohort). There was a positive linear association between RFI and DMI in multiparous cows and a positive quadratic relationship in primiparous cows, where the rate of increase in DMI was less at higher RFI. Eating rate, DMI per meal, and size of the largest daily meal were positively associated with RFI. Daily temporal analysis of FB revealed an interaction between RFI and time for eating rate in multiparous and primiparous cows. The eating rate increased with greater RFI at 11 of 12 time points throughout the day, and eating rate differed across RFI between multiple time points. There tended to be an interaction between RFI and time for eating time and bin visits in multiparous cows but not primiparous cows. Overall, there was a time effect for all FB variables, where DMI, eating time and rate, and bin visits were greatest after the initial daily feeding at 1200 h, increased slightly after each milking, and reached a nadir at 0600 h (6 h before feeding). Considering the relationship between RFI and eating rate, additional efforts to determine cost-effective methods of quantifying eating rate in group-housed dairy cows is warranted. Further investigation is also warranted to determine if management strategies to alter FB, especially eating rate, can be effective in increasing feed efficiency in lactating dairy cattle.     

Macromineral and trace element concentrations in milk from Finnish Ayrshire cows fed microalgae (Spirulina platensis) and rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Given the lack of research regarding the effect of microalgal supplementation in dairy cows on milk mineral concentrations, this study investigated the effect of feeding different protein supplements in dairy cow diets on milk, feces, and blood plasma mineral concentrations, associated milk and blood plasma transfer efficiencies, and apparent digestibility. Lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows (n = 8) were allocated at the start of the trial to 4 diets used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment: (1) control diet (CON), (2) a pelleted rapeseed supplement (RSS; 2,550 g/d), (3) a mixture of rapeseed and Spirulina platensis (RSAL; 1,280 g of RSS + 570 g of S. platensis per day), and (4) S. platensis (ALG; 1,130 g of S. platensis per day). In each of the 4 experimental periods, a 2-wk adaptation to the experimental diets was followed by a 7-d sampling and measurement period. Feed samples were composited per measurement period, milk, and feed samples (4 consecutive days; d 17–20), and blood plasma samples (d 21) were composited for each cow period (n = 32). Data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with diet, period within square, square and their interaction as fixed factors, and cow within square as a random factor. Cows fed ALG were not significantly different in their milk or blood plasma mineral concentrations compared with CON, although feeding ALG increased fecal concentrations of macrominerals (Ca and Mg) and trace elements (Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, and Zn), and reduced their apparent digestibility, compared with CON. When compared with CON and ALG, milk from cows fed RSAL and RSS had lower milk I concentrations (?69.6 and ?102.7 μg/kg of milk, respectively), but total plasma I concentrations were not affected significantly. Feeding S. platensis to dairy cows did not affect mineral concentrations in cows' blood or milk, but care should be taken when rapeseed is fed to avoid reducing milk I concentrations which may in turn reduce consumers' I intake from milk and dairy products.     

菌酶协同改善花生粕的饲用品质

花生粕是重要的蛋白饲料原料，但由于其氨基酸不平衡，特别是精氨酸与赖氨酸比例严重失衡（精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值在3~4，理想的精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值为1.0），限制了其在动物养殖中的应用。研究了复合酶预处理结合乳酸菌发酵花生粕对其品质的改善。结果表明：经菌酶协同处理后，花生粕粗蛋白质含量由46.4%提高至506%，大分子蛋白明显降解为小分子蛋白，酸溶蛋白质含量由2.3%提高至17.8%，多肽含量由1.6%提高至15.7%，蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量分别提高了77.1%和42.0%，精氨酸降解率为18.7%，精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值从3.7降低至2.1，总酸含量由06%提高到4.7%，其中乳酸含量由0.64 mg/g提高至14.63 mg/g。菌酶协同处理后的花生粕抗氧化性明显增强，其中每克菌酶协同处理后的花生粕对羟自由基的清除能力与171.6 mg VC相当，比花生粕（与47.6 mg VC相当）提高了2.6倍。     

Experimental determination of pesticide processing factors during extraction of seed oils

ABSTRACT

Processing Factors (PFs) reflect the concentration or dilution of pesticide residues resulting from food processing. PFs are key elements to demonstrate the compliance of processed foods with Maximum residue levels (MRLs) as set by Regulation 396/2005. While efforts have been made by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and by national authorities to compile PFs from processing studies, such PFs are not available for all pesticides/processed product combinations. The EU vegetable oil and proteinmeal industry association (FEDIOL) has therefore developed a theoretical approach to approximate MRLs in crude vegetable oils and fats, based on the partition coefficient (log P_ow) of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw materials. To substantiate this approach, a pilot-scale processing study was initiated with rapeseeds spiked with selected pesticides and the experimental PFs for these pesticides determined. The aims of this study were (i) to study the reliability of pilot-scale conditions for PF determination and (ii) to assess the experimental PFs obtained in comparison to the theoretical PFs proposed by FEDIOL. This study demonstrated that production yields obtained for crude oil and meal in this processing study are similar to those in industrial processes even if differences were observed in the individual production steps (mechanical or solvent extraction steps). The experimental PFs obtained confirmed that the chosen fat-soluble pesticides did concentrate in the oil fraction. For metalaxyl-M having a log P_ow lower than 3, a partitioning between the oil and the meal was observed, as expected. By comparing the experimental PFs and theoretical PFs, it can be concluded that the FEDIOL approach can be recommended as a suitable tool when PFs derived from specific processing studies are missing. Similar studies on pesticides with wider ranges of log P_ow are required in order to complete our conclusions on default PFs for vegetable oils.     

HACCP在浓香菜籽油生产中的应用

为了保障浓香菜籽油的产品质量安全,采用HACCP体系对浓香菜籽油生产全过程进行生物、物理、化学的危害分析,确定关键控制点,制定预防措施,并对生产环节进行有效监控,制定纠偏措施,做好记录管理,为浓香菜籽油的安全生产提供借鉴。     

几种脱色剂对菜籽油脱色效果的研究

以菜籽油的色泽红值和叶绿素含量为考察指标,比较了凹凸棒土、活性白土、活性炭和双氧水4种脱色剂对菜籽油在中低温(40~80℃)下的脱色效果,同时考察了凹凸棒土与活性炭、活性白土与活性炭组成的复合吸附脱色剂对菜籽油的脱色效果。结果表明:活性炭在较低添加量条件下可以获得与凹凸棒土和活性白土较高添加量相当的脱色效果;活性白土-活性炭复合脱色效果优于凹凸棒土-活性炭,在添加量为2%时,80℃下可使菜籽油的叶绿素含量降低32. 5%、70℃下使菜籽油色泽红值降低30. 6%;双氧水对于去除菜籽油叶绿素和降低色泽红值效果明显,70℃下,0. 4%双氧水(10%)使菜籽油叶绿素含量降低9. 0%、0. 6%双氧水(10%)使菜籽油色泽红值降低25. 0%。活性白土-活性炭脱色和双氧水脱色后的菜籽油品质指标均达到国标四级菜籽油水平;就单位质量浓度脱色剂的脱色效果来说,双氧水的脱色效率更高。     

豆粕出库结块问题解决办法

储存在仓库中的豆粕,受外部环境以及豆粕水分的影响,易产生结块。结块豆粕若不经过处理直接出库,会影响产品质量。为此,对豆粕出库工艺流程进行了优化,并对生产线进行了改造。实践表明,通过在出仓发货提升机通往刮板机的连接溜管后增加刀片式粉碎机和筛网、漏斗,可以有效解决豆粕出库结块问题。     

响应面优化芝麻粕中芝麻素酚三糖苷的提取工艺

以芝麻粕为原料,利用超声波辅助提取芝麻素酚三糖苷。在单因素试验的基础上,以芝麻素酚三糖苷得率为响应值,通过响应面法对芝麻粕中芝麻素酚三糖苷的提取条件进行优化。结果表明:芝麻素酚三糖苷最优提取条件为超声功率1 220 W、提取液pH 7. 7、磁力搅拌转速430 r/min、超声波作用方式为连续,此条件下芝麻素酚三糖苷得率为(4. 31±0. 03) mg/g。     

不同产地菜籽油中微量元素的ICP-MS/MS法测定及统计比较

研究菜籽油中微量元素含量的分布规律及其与菜籽油产地之间的关系。采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)法测定了15种菜籽油中Be、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、Cd、Ba、Hg、Pb 16种微量元素的含量,将测定数据进行标准化处理后利用SPSS主成分分析与聚类分析对微量元素的分布进行评价。结果表明:菜籽油经煤油稀释后直接进样分析,在MS/MS模式下,分别选择O_2和NH_3/He为反应气,利用CRC技术消除了质谱干扰; Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba在0～500μg/kg范围内相关系数大于等于0. 999 8,其余10种分析元素在0～50. 0μg/kg范围内相关系数大于等于0. 999 6,16种元素的检出限为1. 05～20. 30 ng/kg;主成分分析结果显示累积方差的84. 487%来自前6个主成分,菜籽油的特征元素为Mn、Fe、Cu、Sr,聚类分析将15种菜籽油聚为3类,实现了不同产地菜籽油的初步判别。通过微量元素的主成分分析与聚类分析,可对菜籽油进行有效的产地溯源。     

豆粕中溶剂残留检测方法的研究

通过研究基准豆粕的制作方法和标样、样品前处理影响因素,建立一种能准确测定豆粕中溶剂残留量的方法。结果表明:制作基准豆粕时,加入适量水,有助于残留的有机溶剂充分挥发,得到合格的基准豆粕;标样结果稳定性与加水量关系不大,选择标样与样品的加热平衡温度均为120℃,加热平衡时间均为120 min,加水量均为200μL(3 g豆粕),样品重复性试验的精密度为0~4. 5%。对相同样品,采用本试验方法的测定结果较国标方法的高,更能准确反映豆粕的质量情况。