三相生物流化床处理屠宰废水中试研究

对生物流化床处理屠宰废水的中试过程进行了系统的研究，分析了反应器运行工况的主要影响因素，取得了生物流化床的一些设计参数和运行经验。     

ABR/CASS法处理屠宰废水

介绍了采用折板厌氧反应器（ABR）／循环活性污泥系统（CASS）处理屠宰废水的工程实例。实际运行结果表明：工艺可行、管理方便，投资、运行费用低，处理效果稳定，出水水质可达到《肉类加工工业水污染排放标准》（GB13457-1992）一级标准。     

Biodegradability of slaughterhouse wastewater with high blood content under anaerobic and aerobic conditions

In this work, the biodegradability of wastewater from a slaughterhouse located in Ke?an, Turkey, was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A very high total COD content of 7230 mg dm^?3 was found, due to an inefficient blood recovery system. Low BOD₅/COD ratio, high organic nitrogen and soluble COD contents, were in accordance with a high blood content. A respirometry test for COD fractionation showed a very low readily biodegradable fraction (S_S) of 2%, a rapidly hydrolysable fraction (S_H) of 51%, a slowly hydrolysable fraction (X_S) of 33% and an inert fraction of 6%. Kinetic analysis revealed that hydrolysis rates were much slower than these of domestic sewage. The results underlined the need for an anaerobic stage prior to aerobic treatment. Tests with an anaerobic batch reactor indicated efficient COD degradation, up to around 80% removal. Further anaerobic degradation of the remaining COD was much slower and resulted in the build up of inert COD compounds generated as part of the metabolic activities in the anaerobic reactor. Accordingly, it is suggested that an appropriate combination of anaerobic and aerobic reactors would have to limit anaerobic degradation to around 80% of the tCOD and an effluent concentration above 1000 mg dm^?3, for the optimum operation of the following aerobic stage. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

家禽屠宰场微生物菌群结构及大肠杆菌耐药性评估

家禽屠宰场的水体、地面和屠宰器械表面微生物对鸡肉微生物交叉污染有重要的影响。本研究的主要目的是分析家禽屠宰场水体、地面和与鸡肉接触的屠宰器械表面的细菌结构及其耐药基因携带状况,并从中分离大肠杆菌进行耐药性评估和肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列-聚合酶链式反应（enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction,ERIC-PCR）分型分析。在浙江省某大型屠宰场的挂禽间、宰杀沥血间、浸烫脱羽间、净膛间、预冷间、包装间、冷藏间、内脏间区域采集水体,并用无菌纱布擦拭各区域的地面和器械表面采集微生物,基于16S rRNA V3～V4的Illumina高通量测序方法分析其菌群结构多样性,并从中分离大肠杆菌,分别用PCR对总细菌和大肠杆菌进行9大类耐药基因的检测分析和大肠杆菌的ERIC-PCR分型研究。结果表明：屠宰场不同区域水体、地面和屠宰器械表面微生物均以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）为主;优势菌属为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）等一些腐败菌属与致病菌属。屠宰场不同区域的水体、地面和屠宰器械表面存在的耐药基因种类较多,共检测到21 种耐药基因分布在这些样品中,其中sulI、sulII、blaTEM、aadA1、floR、tetA、ereA和qnrS等8 种耐药基因检出率达88.9%以上,与从中分离的大肠杆菌耐药基因检出情况吻合度较低,这表明还存在其他携带耐药基因的菌株,此外分离的大肠杆菌菌株多重耐药现象严重。ERIC-PCR分型结果表明,大肠杆菌可以沿屠宰生产链进行克隆传播。本实验将为探究屠宰环境微生物与鸡肉污染微生物之间的关系提供理论参考。     

The Microbiological Status of Carcasses of Goats Slaughtered in an Inadequate Facility

The microbiological contamination of goat carcasses slaughtered on a slaughter line under controlled conditions and in inadequate facilities was measured by determining the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella spp. Wet swabs were taken from the carcasses of goats (in slaughterhouses n = 115 and in inadequate facilities n = 80). Test results showed that the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were mostly within satisfactory and acceptable categories. Salmonella spp. was not isolated from any of the goat carcasses.     

Biohydrogen production from dual digestion pretreatment of poultry slaughterhouse sludge by anaerobic self-fermentation

Poultry slaughterhouse sludge from chicken processing wastewater treatment plant was tested for their suitability as a substrate and inoculum source for fermentation hydrogen production. Dual digestion of poultry slaughterhouse sludge was employed to produce hydrogen by batch anaerobic self-fermentation without any extra-seeds. The sludge (5% TS) was dual digested by aerobic thermophilic digestion at 55 °C with the varying retention time before using as substrate in anaerobic self-fermentation. The best digestion time for enriching hydrogen-producing seeds was 48 h as it completely repressed methanogenic activity and gave the maximum hydrogen yield of 136.9 mL H₂/g TS with a hydrogen production rate of 2.56 mL H₂/L/h. The hydrogen production of treated sludge at 48 h (136.9 mL H₂/g TS) was 15 times higher than that of the raw sludge (8.83 mL H₂/g TS). With this fermentation process, tCOD value in the activated sludge could be reduced up to 30%.     

Prevalence,Distribution, and Diversity of Salmonella spp. in Meat Samples Collected from Italian Slaughterhouses

Recently worldwide food safety authorities indicated the rise of foodborne outbreaks linked to Salmonella: this highlighted the need to intensify monitoring and apply more targeted controls to help manage the spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in 7 slaughterhouses, located in different areas of Naples province (Regione Campania, Italy). Meat samples collected from the slaughterhouses were submitted for standardized microbiological analysis in 2015. Results of routine testing for Salmonella spp. were analyzed and then compared to biochemical and molecular evaluations. Salmonella spp. were detected in 12% of 320 samples examined (39/320) and the isolation rates ranged from 87% (32 samples) for raw poultry meat to 13% (7 samples) for pork meat. Biochemical serotyping showed that approximately 50% of the isolates belonged to Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis. Rapid detection methods, such as molecular analysis (polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis), able to confirm food matrices contamination, represent a valid support to the fast identification of Salmonella species. A further aspect of the study consisted, indeed, on analyzing isolated strains through molecular evaluations. By amplifying bacterial DNA—using invA primers, selective for Salmonella—it was possible, in less than 3 h, to classify the isolates as Salmonella spp., confirming the results of microbiological outcomes. Results of distribution analysis, supported by rapid molecular approaches, showed the difficulty of reducing Salmonella risk on food chain. This emphasized the importance of periodic surveillance to prevent outbreaks.     

屠宰场生鸡肉肠炎沙门氏菌的污染途径

目的：研究屠宰场生鸡肉肠炎沙门氏菌的主要污染途径。方法：以屠宰场生鸡肉样品为研究对象,在利用多聚酶链反应(PCR)检测肠炎沙门氏菌污染的基础上,通过流行病学的方法研究生鸡肉污染与肉鸡感染的关系。结果：屠宰场生鸡肉样品肠炎沙门氏菌污染阳性率为9.03%(26/288),样品污染与样品来源屠宰场间无统计学联系,但与养殖场的肉鸡感染肠炎沙门氏菌有联系;养殖场肉鸡感染肠炎沙门氏菌与生鸡肉污染有正的统计学联系(相对危险性=18.5);肉鸡实验性感染肠炎沙门氏菌后的带菌时间可达42d,排菌达56d 以上。结论：屠宰场生鸡肉肠炎沙门氏菌的污染途径主要为内源性污染。     

三相生物流化床处理屠宰废水中试研究

对生物流化床处理屠宰废水的中试过程进行了系统的研究，分析了反应器运行工况的主要影响因素，取得了生物流化床的一些设计参数和运行经验。