Glycaemic response of pseudocereal-based gluten-free food products: a review

Rapid digestion and absorption of carbohydrates have become a health issue (high glycaemic index, GI), which can be a matter of greater concern when consumed in large quantities. Depending upon the influence of carbohydrates on the blood sugar levels, GI classifies carbohydrates (on a scale of 100) as low (<55), medium (55–70) and high (>70) GI foods. Among the pseudocereals, chia seed possesses relatively lower GI (28.53), as compared to buckwheat (52.35), amaranth (47.65) and quinoa (61.50). Consumers now prefer foods with a high GI over the ones with low GI to prevent various metabolic alterations. Celiac disease is a lifelong disorder prevalent worldwide and can only be controlled by following a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. Therefore, pseudocereals could be a potential alternate for low GI food and developing gluten-free food products, including bread, cookies, noodles and pasta. This review synthesises the recently published literatures on pseudocereals as a lowering GI and healthy food option. This review also gives insights into developing pseudocereals as a potential and novel ingredient for gluten-free food applications and the latest research conducted worldwide.     

Effect of heat moisture treatment on resistant starch content among carbohydrate sources: a meta-analysis

Resistant starch (RS) can be generated through heat moisture treatment (HMT). The HMT was conducted by modifying starch using different ratio of moisture content, high temperature and heating time. A number of studies showed that the effects of HMT on RS contents in cereals, pulses, tubers and fruits were inconsistent. This study aimed to analyse the impact of HMT on RS level in various carbohydrate sources through a meta-analysis approach. Study selection was conducted with the PRISMA method. There were 21 relevant studies and 67 data used for meta-analysis. The database was analysed by using Hedges’ d. The results showed that there was a significant impact of HMT on RS level of cereals, especially wheat. The highest increase in RS levels for various carbohydrate sources in starch was influenced by the interaction of treatment between water content at 15 ≤ x < 25%, heating time at 0.25 < x ≤ 6 h and temperature at 120 ≤ x ≤ 130 °C.     

Synthesis,Characterization, Speciation,and Biological Studies on Metal Chelates of Carbohydrates with Molecular Docking Investigation

The role of starch aerogel (St-AG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as biolgical active compounds, when they subjected for complexation with metal ions, is assessed in this work. The complexation is carried out with palladium(II) and copper(II) ions, in solid state. Different tools of analysis are carried out to characterize and elucidate the structures of these complexes, namely: elemental analysis, IR, thermal analysis, magnetic measurement and molar conductance techniques. All synthesized complexes are formed with 1:2 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry except the case of aerogel starch 1:1 (Pd:starch). All isolated complexes show a satisfactory cytotoxic effect results against colon cancer cell lines HCT11. Additionally, these complexes are screened for their antibacterial activities against two types of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Molecular docking investigation confirmed the cytotoxicity and antibacterial results. Proton–ligands association constants and their complex formation constants with some bivalent metal ions, using potentiometric method show that the complexes formed in solution have a stoichiometry of 1:1 [metal:ligand]. The effects of metal ion, ionic radius, electronegativity and nature of ligand on the formation constants are discussed. The formation constants of the complexes with 3D transition metals followed the order Mn²⁺ < Co²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺.     

均质条件对辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯制备的水油乳化体系粒径的影响研究

通过离心法、分光光度计法、电导率法证明了辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯具有良好的乳化性和乳化稳定性。以低黏度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为乳化剂,以大豆油为乳化对象,利用激光粒度仪和光学显微镜探讨了均质转速、均质温度、均质时间、均质pH对辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯制备的乳化体系粒径的影响。结果表明:均质pH对乳化体系粒径具有显著的影响;均质时间越长和均质转速越大,乳化体系的粒径越小;均质温度对乳化体系粒径影响较小。     

利用电解水替代SO2改进玉米淀粉生产浸泡新工艺研究

采用电解水代替SO_2以改进玉米淀粉生产工艺。以传统工艺(0.2%SO_2)作为对照,通过酸性电解水(Ac EW)与碱性电解水(Al EW)二次浸泡来提取玉米淀粉。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为Ac EW浸泡43 h后再使用Al EW浸泡5 h,此工艺下淀粉收率最高,达到(67.2±1.6)%,并与传统的湿法工艺(SO2浸泡48 h)的淀粉收率(67.4±1.0)%比较,无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

Predicting nutrient digestibility in high-producing dairy cows

Our objective was to determine the effects of dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), and diet characteristics on total tract digestibilities of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and starch (DMD, NDFD, and StarchD, respectively) in high-producing dairy cows. Our database was composed of 1,942 observations from 662 cows in 54 studies from Michigan, Ohio, and Georgia. On average, cows ate 23 ± 4.5 kg of dry matter/d, weighed 669 ± 79 kg, and produced 38 ± 10 kg of milk/d. Diets were 31 ± 5% neutral detergent fiber, 27 ± 6% starch, 2.6 ± 1.2% fatty acids, and 17 ± 1.4% crude protein. Digestibility means were 66 ± 6, 42 ± 11, and 93 ± 5% for DMD, NDFD, and StarchD, respectively. Forage sources included corn silage, alfalfa, and grasses. Corn source was classified by its ruminal fermentability. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model, including diet chemical composition, forage source, and corn source, all expressed as percentage of dry matter, except for DMI, which was expressed as percentage of BW (DMI%BW); location and 2-way interactions were fixed effects. Cow, block, period, treatment, and study were included as random effects. Best fitting candidate models were generated using backward and stepwise regression methods. Additionally, the simplest model was generated using only DMI and location as fixed effects and all random effects. Candidate models were cross-validated across studies, and the resulting predictive correlation coefficients across studies (PC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were compared by t-test. For each nutrient, the digestibility model that resulted in the highest PC and lowest RMSEP was determined to be the best fitting model. We observed heterogeneous coefficients among the different locations, suggesting that specific location factors influenced digestibilities. The overall location-averaged best fitting prediction equations were: DMD = 69 ? 0.83 × DMI%BW (PC = 0.22, RMSEP = 5.39); NDFD = 53 + 0.26 × grass %DM ? 0.59 × starch %DM + 3.06 × DMI%BW ? 0.46 × DMI%BW² (PC = 0.53, RMSEP = 9.70); and StarchD = 96 + 0.19 × HFERM%DM ? 0.12 × starch %DM ? 1.13 × DMI%BW (PC = 0.34, RMSEP = 4.77); where HFERM%DM is highly-fermentable corn source as percentage of DM. Our results confirm that digestibility is reduced as DMI increases, albeit at a lower rate than that reported in National Research Council. Furthermore, dietary starch depresses NDFD. Whereas DMD can be predicted based on DMI only, the best predictions for NDFD and StarchD require diet characteristics in addition to DMI.     

着-聚赖氨酸/淀粉抑菌膜的制备及性能检测

对以淀粉为成膜基质,海藻酸钠和甘油为增塑剂,ε-聚赖氨酸为抑菌剂的淀粉基抑菌膜进行研究,并对其抑菌性和膜性能进行检测。结果表明,ε-聚赖氨酸对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为1、2、2μg/mL,而将ε-聚赖氨酸添加到淀粉膜后,最低抑菌浓度都提高到64 mg/g,对淀粉膜和抑菌膜的力学性能、红外光谱检测、透气性和透油性及膜液的流变性、接触角等比较,差异较小。     

苦荞对高脂膳食诱导小鼠生理及肠道菌群的影响

以苦荞为研究对象，通过高脂膳食诱导建立血脂代谢紊乱小鼠模型，利用高效液相色谱和平板计数对血 脂代谢指标及肠道菌群的变化规律及其相关性进行研究，初步探究了苦荞对血脂代谢紊乱小鼠生理及肠道菌群的 影响。结果表明：高脂膳食可引发小鼠血脂代谢紊乱，苦荞淀粉和蛋白均能显著降低血脂指标（血清总胆固醇、 甘油三酯、低密度胆固醇）的水平（P＜0.05），并基本恢复至空白组的水平。通过平板计数对各组小鼠的肠道主 要菌群（双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌）检测，发现苦荞淀粉和苦荞蛋白干预组的小鼠肠道菌中有益菌 （双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠球菌）数量均显著高于高脂组（P＜0.05），有害菌（大肠杆菌）数量则显著低于高脂组 （P＜0.05）。此外，相关性分析结果表明，苦荞中蛋白和淀粉均可吸附胆汁酸与胆固醇并促进其排泄，从而不仅 能调节血脂代谢又能调节肠道菌群平衡，同时，肠道菌群中益生菌比例的增多和有害菌比例的降低又对血脂代谢调 节与抑制氧化应激有着一定促进作用。因此，苦荞对血脂代谢调节作用可能与其促进胆酸排泄、调节肠道菌群平 衡、改善氧化应激等方面有着密切关系。