The European,Japanese and US protective helmet,gloves and boots for firefighters: thermoregulatory and psychological evaluations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and subjective responses of the European, Japanese (JPN) and US firefighters' helmet, gloves and boots for international standardisation. Three experimental conditions were evaluated (clothing mass: 9.4, 8.2 and 10.1 kg for the three conditions, respectively) at the air temperature of 32°C and 60% relative humidity. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the three conditions in oxygen consumption, heart rate, total sweat rate, rectal temperature and mean skin temperature, whereas peripheral temperatures and subjective perceptions were lower in the JPN condition than in the other conditions (P < 0.05). These results indicate that a 0.5-kg reduction in helmet mass and a 1.1-kg reduction in boot mass during exercise resulted in a significant decrease in head and leg temperatures and subjective perceptions, while a 1.9-kg reduction in total clothing mass had insignificant influences on the metabolic burden and overall body temperature.     

纳米智能调温毛织物的开发

采用微胶囊纳米技术开发智能调温毛织物.选取石蜡作为芯材,双酚A作为壁材,制备具有持久性的相变材料微胶囊,采用浸渍法用该相变材料微胶囊整理毛织物以使其具有智能调温性能.分析了相变材料微胶囊处理后的毛织物的智能调温作用机理,建立了智能调温毛织物的理想吸热模型.对影响毛织物整理效果的相变材料微胶囊制备工艺进行了分析,给出了毛织物根据调温作用大小所需相变材料微胶囊用量的计算公式.     

蓄能调湿抗菌净味硅藻泥的研制

以有机一无机复合乳液为成膜物、以硅藻土和相变储能微胶袭为填料,在多种功能助剂的配合下,制备成硅藻泥,将其批刮于内墙墙面上,涂层具有自动调温控温、吸湿放湿、杀菌防霉、祛除有害气体、清新空气、有益健康等功效．     

焦炉加热自动检控调节技术现状及展望

简要叙述了焦炉对加热自动控制调节技术的需求，以及该项技术的国内外开发应用历史及现状，并对其进行了分类分析比较，提出了今后此项技术发展的主要方向。     

Comparing dairy farm milk yield and components,somatic cell score,and reproductive performance among United States regions using summer to winter ratios

Heat stress abatement is a challenge for dairy producers in the United States, especially in the southern states. Thus, managing heat stress is critical to maintain dairy cow performance in the summer. The ability to employ a metric to measure heat stress and evaluate abatement strategies may benefit dairy producers by providing meaningful feedback on the effectiveness of current and future management strategies with the goal of improving heat stress management. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the use of the summer to winter performance ratio metric to quantify and compare farm performance variables among regions of the United States. Monthly performance data recorded by the Dairy Herd Improvement Association from 2007 to 2016, for all US Dairy Herd Improvement Association herds processing records through Dairy Records Management Systems (Raleigh, NC), were obtained. Season dates were based on the astronomical definition of the Northern Hemisphere with summer as June 21 to September 21 and winter as December 21 to March 19. States were grouped into regions based on climate zone classification. Performance records included a total of 16,573 herds [Northeast (n = 7,955), Midwest (n = 6,555), Northern Plains (n = 305), Southeast (n = 1,370), and Southern Plains (n = 388) regions]. Herd test day performance variables energy-corrected milk, somatic cell score, milk fat and protein percentage, conception rate, heat detection rate, and pregnancy rate in summer and winter were used to calculate summer to winter ratios for each region. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to compare test day performance variables. The effects of year, mean days in milk, mean 150-d milk, mean herd size, and number of milkings per day were included as covariates in the models. Dairy cattle performance in all climate regions was negatively affected by summer heat stress, but some regions greater than others. A difference was also observed among regions when comparing summer to winter ratios for each performance parameter. This indicates that summer performance varies by climate region identified by the summer to winter ratio and demonstrates usefulness of the metric to monitor degree of heat stress based on performance.     

简易水温控制系统

本文设计了一个基于AT89S52单片机控制的水温控制系统,由下位机、上位机、和通讯网络三部分组成。下位机是基于单片机AT89S52和温度传感器DS18B20的高精度数据采集系统,功能是对温度的检测与输出控制。上位机采用计算机,与下位机进行数据信息的交互,并显示各路温度值及其曲线、控制参数、设定值等。其中,温度检测单元和可控硅调功控温单元是本文的设计重点。     

纳米相变胶囊及其整理棉织物的调温性能

为解决微米相变胶囊在应用中潜在的问题,合成2种不同相变温度的纳米相变微胶囊,借助透射电镜和差示扫描量热仪研究2种胶囊的粒径和储热性能。采用浸轧工艺整理棉针织物,用红外测温仪和织物透气量仪测定整理织物的调温和透气性能。研究结果表明,胶囊的粒径约150 nm,核壳体积比为1:1,峰值相变温度分别为37.1 ℃和33.1 ℃,相变焓分别为57.2 J/g和57.8 J/g。整理织物的热焓可达7000 J/m2左右,整理织物升温或降温速率明显减缓,具有智能调温功能,但透气性能略有降低。采用纳米相变微胶囊整理织物可以制备具有调温功能的纺织品。     

Physiological Parameters of Mental Load

Abstract

The term mental load can be used for the implications of tasks calling on the information handling capacity of man. The essential aspects of the terms ‘ load ’ and ‘ capacity ’, as used in work physiology, are valid for mental load in the following ways:

the question of the physiological ‘ costs ’ (biological consequences) of a given performance;

external load to be measured in units of performance/time (signals/time, choices/time);

capacity, dependent on time of endurance;

physiological changes correlating with load;

pathological symptoms due to extreme load.

An experiment is discussed, where a simple binary choice task is used with several frequencies of signals to be answered; thus providing different loads. Systematic changes were found in heart frequency, sinus arrhythmia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, rate of respiration, and so on. Arguments are put forward that these changes are due to a simultaneous rise in sympathetic and in vagal tone.     

用于个人热湿舒适管理的功能纺织品研究进展

为提高个体舒适性,降低建筑制冷和供暖能耗,研发可调节人体与环境热湿交换的纺织品是一种极具前景的解决方案,为此对国内外热湿管理功能纺织品的研究进行了回顾。首先介绍了个人热湿舒适管理机制,其次归纳了辐射调温纺织品、相变调温纺织品、智能响应纺织品、导热纺织品、能量转换的调温纺织品和水分管理纺织品6种常见的可用于个人热湿管理的先进功能纺织品,概述了基于不同热湿管理机制功能纺织品的研究进展及其在多个领域的潜在应用。研究认为:织物调控人体-服装微气候热量和水分平衡是个体舒适的关键;指出目前热湿管理先进功能纺织品存在规模制备困难、功能单一化、智能化不足和缺乏体系的热湿舒适性评价等问题;展望了用于个人热量管理的高级纺织品、能量收集技术和柔性电子设备的集成是未来智能服装的发展趋势。     

Lipidomics Reveals Mitochondrial Membrane Remodeling Associated with Acute Thermoregulation in a Rodent with a Wide Thermoneutral Zone

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) have high physiological flexibility in response to acute temperature changes, and have the widest thermoneutral zone (TNZ, 26.5–38.9 °C) reported among small mammals. At the upper critical temperature (T _uc, 38.9 °C), body temperatures of gerbils were significantly increased (39–41 °C) while metabolic rates were maintained at the basal level. In contrast, below the lower critical temperature (T _lc, 26.5 °C), metabolism was elevated and body temperature stable. Rapid changes in mitochondrial membrane lipidome were hypothesized to play an important role during acute thermoregulation of gerbils. Taking advantage of a recent lipidomic technique, we examined changes in the membrane phospholipids environment and free fatty acids (FFA) production in mitochondria between 38 and 27 °C (in the TNZ), and between 27 and 16 °C (below the TNZ). At 38 °C, acute heat stress elicited distinct remodeling in mitochondrial membrane lipidome which related to a potential decrease in mitochondrial respiration and membrane fluidity compared to 27 °C. At 16 °C, a sharply decreased unsaturation index and increased chain lengths were detected in mitochondrial FFA production both in muscle and brown adipose tissue. Our results suggest that mitochondrial membrane lipid remodeling may stabilize membrane function and activity of respiration related membrane protein to maintain a stable metabolic rate at T _uc, and improve heat production by decomposing less fluid fatty acid conjugates of membrane lipids under acute cold exposure. These data therefore imply an important role of membrane remodeling during acute thermoregulation in a non-hibernating endotherm.