Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities of peptides prepared from tuna cooking juice and spleen proteases

Tuna cooking juice is a by‐product from the tuna canning industry. In this study, tuna cooking juice was hydrolysed by proteases extracted from the spleen. Tuna cooking juice showed the highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities after hydrolysis for 270 and 180 min, respectively. The hydrolysate was further fractionated by ultrafiltration. The permeate exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities when passed through 1 and 5 kDa cut‐off membranes, respectively. Gel filtration chromatography was used to determine the MW of bioactive peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities. Those peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities were the MW range of 238–829 Da and 1355–1880 Da, respectively. These results suggest that the tuna cooking juice and the spleen protease extract are a potential source of bioactive peptides that can be utilised as bioactive ingredients in functional food and nutraceuticals.     

Concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in glyceride by hydrolysis of fish oil withcandida cylindracea lipase

In an attempt to concentrate the content of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in a glyceride mixture containing triglyceride, diglyceride and monoglyceride, fish oil was hydrolyzed with six kinds of microbial lipase. After the hydrolysis, free fatty acid was removed and fatty acid components of the glyceride mixtures were analyzed. When the hydrolysis withCandida cylindracea lipase was 70% complete, the DHA content in the glyceride mixture was three times more than that in the original fish oil. The EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) content became almost 70% of the original fish oil. Hydrolysis with other lipases did not result in an increase in the DHA content in the glyceride mixtures. Hydrolysis of DHA-rich tuna oil (DHA content is about 25%) withCandida cylindracea lipase resulted in 53% DHA in the glyceride mixture. The EPA content, however, remained close to that of the original tuna oil. In this report, the acyl chain specificity of lipases is evaluated in terms of hydrolysis resistant value (HRV). HRV is the ratio between the DHA contents in the glyceride mixture of hydrolyzed oil and original oil. HRV clearly indicates differences in hydrolysis between DHA and other fatty acids (e.g., saturated and monoenoic acids).     

Amino acid profiles and liposomes: Their role as chemosensory information carriers in the marine environment

Yellowfin tuna enhance their hunting success in the vast pelagic environment by using their sense of smell to detect intact (uninjured) prey that are beyond visual range. However, the olfactory cues that tuna use would normally face huge and rapid dilution in the open ocean. We demonstrate that these prey odors are complexed within biologically derived lipid structures that probably delay the dilution of the amino acids to subthreshold concentrations and provide persistent arousal and search cues for the tuna. This may be the first demonstration of an extracorporeal biological function for liposomes. Tuna may also form chemical search images to maximize feeding efficiency. We demonstrate that the amino acid profiles of various prey species are consistent over time and between schools, which makes the formation of search images feasible.     

Synthesis of 2‐monoglycerides by alcoholysis of palm oil and tuna oil using immobilized lipases

Commercial immobilized lipases were used for the synthesis of 2‐monoglycerides (2‐MG) by alcoholysis of palm and tuna oils with ethanol in organic solvents. Several parameters were studied, i.e., the type of immobilized lipases, water activity, type of solvents and temperatures. The optimum conditions for alcoholysis of tuna oil were at a water activity of 0.43 and a temperature of 60 °C in methyl‐tert‐butyl ether for ～12 h. Although immobilized lipase preparations from Pseudomonas sp. and Candida antarctica fraction B are not 1, 3‐regiospecific enzymes, they were considered to be more suitable for the production of 2‐MG by the alcoholysis of tuna oil than the 1, 3‐regiospecific lipases (Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei and lipase D from Rhizopus delemar). With Pseudomonas sp. lipase a yield of up to 81% 2‐MG containing 80% PUFA (poly‐unsaturated fatty acids) from tuna oil was achieved. The optimum conditions for alcoholysis of palm oil were similar as these of tuna oil alcoholysis. However, lipase D immobilized on Accurel EP100 was used as catalyst at 40 °C with shorter reaction times (<12 h). This lead to a yield of ～60% 2‐MG containing 55.0‐55.7% oleic acid and 18.7‐21.0% linoleic acid.     

卫星遥感在中东太平洋大眼金枪鱼渔场与环境关系的应用研究

中东太平洋延绳钓渔业主要以钓获大眼金枪鱼为主,我国远洋延绳钓渔船虽然也在该海域作业,但渔获量比日本少得多,且渔获种类多为黄鳍和长鳍金枪鱼,经济价值不高,归根结底是因为对该海域大眼金枪鱼渔场渔况掌握不够。为了精确预测该海域大眼金枪鱼渔场,本文采用卫星遥感反演全球区域月平均海表温度(SST)、海面高度(SSH)、叶绿素浓度(Chlo)以及由SST计算得到的温度梯度(TGR)等数据,结合太平洋共同体秘书处(SPC)提供的大眼金枪鱼历史捕获数据,辅助预测大眼金枪鱼渔场。通过把渔获数据与环境数据进行地理关联统计分析得到以下结果:在SST(26℃~29℃),Chlo(0.1mg/m3~0.2 mg/m3)、SSH(-2cm~1.5cm)和TGR(0.1℃/60nmi~0.4℃/60nmi)等环境因子分布区间内大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场渔获努力量(CPUE)数值较高。目前的海洋遥感监测卫星已能够提供准实时海洋环境因子监测数据,因此,应用遥感手段获取环境因子数据,同时结合历史渔获量与环境因子的统计关系,大眼金枪鱼渔场渔情的预报精度将被大大提升。     

Effect of gas packaging conditions on thawed Thunnus obesus preservation

Shelf-life of commercial thawed tuna was studied in different packaging atmospheres: Air, High O₂ (70%O₂/30%CO₂), Sprayed green tea extract in High O₂, Low O₂ (40%O₂/40%CO₂/20%N₂), Non O₂ (60%CO₂/40%N₂) and Carbon monoxide (60%CO₂/39.5%N₂/0.5%CO). Three-cm-wide slices were analysed at days 0 (24 h post-thawing), 4 and 6 from the date of packaging while kept in retail conditions. Analysis performed each day of the study were: gas concentration in the headspace, colour, pH, exudative losses, lipid oxidation, total volatile bases nitrogen, microbiological analysis and a sensory test (fresh and cooked fish). The atmospheres ‘Non O₂’ and ‘Low O₂’ were the most effective for increasing tuna shelf-life due to better general lipid oxidation characteristics, microbial counts and sensory results. Shelf-life reached up to 6 days post-thawing in these cases although tuna should be consumed cooked to prevent risk of pathogens or toxins. Also, the use of antioxidants or carbon monoxide improved colour and flavour attributes and should be considered as alternatives for packaging.     

Effect of Slurry Ice on the Functional Properties of Proteins Related to Quality Loss during Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Chilled Storage

The effect of slurry ice on the quality of Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) during chilling storage was investigated and compared to flake ice. Slurry ice‐treated samples showed significantly higher springiness and chewiness variables than the blank and flake ice‐treated samples (P < 0.05). The growth of microorganisms in tuna muscle treated with slurry ice was also down significantly (P < 0.05), and the total aerobic counts didn't reach higher scores than 5.0 log CFU/g during the whole chilling storage. Additionally, the myofibrillar protein, Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity, and total sulfydryl (SH) content in muscle treated with slurry ice were all significantly higher than the blank and flake‐iced samples (P < 0.05). This was probably due to the faster cooling, subzero final‐temperature, and larger heat exchange derived from slurry ice. Standard error of mean and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results also confirmed that slurry ice treatment could effectively retard the degradation of myofibrillar proteins and showed a positive effect on the stability of tissue structures.     

Biogenic Amines Formation in Bigeye Tuna Steaks and Whole Skipjack Tuna

ABSTRACT: Putrescine, cadaverine and histamine formation was monitored in fresh and frozen/thawed Bigeye tuna steaks ( Thunnus obesus ) and whole Skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) stored at room temperature and in ice and to determine the potential use of putrescine and cadaverine as indicators of decomposition. While all biogenic amines were formed during both storage conditions, putrescine was formed at a much lower rate and concentration. For both storage conditions and species, cadaverine appeared prior to and/or accumulated at a faster rate than histamine. Skipjack tuna had a faster accumulation of cadaverine than Bigeye under the same storage conditions. The results indicated that cadaverine, either alone or with histamine, could be used as an index of decomposition for Skipjack and Bigeye tuna.     

Mercury and Fatty Acids in Canned Tuna, Salmon, and Mackerel

ABSTRACT: Canned tuna ( n = 240), salmon ( n = 16), and mackerel ( n = 16) were analyzed for mercury and fatty acids. Average mercury levels were 188, 45, and 55 ppb, respectively, and below the FDA Action Level of 1000 ppb. "Light tuna in water" contained lower mercury (x = 54 ppb) compared with "white/albacore tuna in water," which contained higher eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) x= 711 mg/100 g wet tissue). Mercury residues in salmon (x = 45 ppb) and mackerel (x = 55 ppb) were lower than in tuna products, but the EPA/DHA levels were higher (salmon, ×= 1623 mg/100 g wet tissue; mackerel, ×= 851 mg/100 g wet tissue). Information from this study will help women of childbearing age to limit their intake of mercury while obtaining healthy fats from fish.     

不同模拟运输条件对金枪鱼品质的影响

研究了黄鳍金枪鱼背部肌肉,在2种不同温度(4℃和20℃)下模拟运输4 h,观察其背部肌肉颜色(a*),鲜度(TVB-N值、K值)、pH、感官及微生物的变化。结果表明,温度是保证质量的关键,4℃在4 h内保持良好的鲜度和颜色,而20℃运输4 h后肉的颜色和新鲜度差异较大(p<0.05),因此在运输中应尽可能保持较低的温度。