呕吐毒素生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）又名呕吐毒素（VT）,是镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的最常见的真菌毒素之一,广泛存在于谷物及其相关制品中,给世界粮食生产造成巨大经济损失,也给人类和动物健康带来重大威胁。目前,利用微生物和酶对DON进行生物脱毒的方法展现出良好的应用前景。很多真菌和细菌能够通过自身吸附或降解的方式在DON的脱毒过程中发挥作用。本文概述了食物中DON的发生、毒性作用及DON生物转化机制,对近年来利用真菌、细菌和植物进行DON脱毒以及脱毒材料的应用进行了较为详细的阐述,以期为食品和饲料中DON的生物防控提供参考。     

高效液相色谱法对谷物中呕吐毒素的测定

样品经乙腈-水(84∶16)溶液提取,提取液通过MycoSepTM227和MultiSepTM216柱净化、浓缩,C18色谱柱分离,紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。对添加两个水平呕吐毒素的玉米样品进行加标样回收实验,平均回收率为84.13%和88.14%,最低检测限为2μg/kg。结果表明,此法不仅定量准确、精密度高,而且操作极为方便。     

一种快速检测呕吐毒素的胶体金试纸条

利用胶体金免疫层析法,研制了一种能够快速检测黄豆中呕吐毒素含量的试纸条。通过试验,胶体金试纸条对呕吐毒素的检测限是1μg/g,对玉米赤霉烯酮毒素、黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲毒素A等无交叉反应,假阳性率和假阴性率均为0,检测时间为10min。试纸条能够准确、可靠、简便、快速地检测黄豆中残留的呕吐毒素,适合大量样品的现场检测。     

QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS法检测谷类杂粮制品中4种真菌毒素

建立了一种快速、高效的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-质谱联用法（QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS）测定谷类杂粮制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-ADON）、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-ADON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）共4种真菌毒素。样品前处理采用乙腈-水溶剂提取，经Florisil+C18+无水硫酸镁净化后检测。以0.10%甲酸-乙腈作为流动相，在质谱检测器的多反应监测模式下进行分析。结果表明，4种真菌毒素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好，相关系数R2均大于0.999，回收率在85.1%～102.0%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.11%～6.22%。该方法具有前处理简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高和检测速度快的优点，适用于谷类杂粮制品中DON、3-ADON、15-ADON 和ZON的分析和定量检测。     

Additives Affect Deoxynivalenol (Vomi toxin) Flour during Breadbaking

The effects of oxidizing (potassium bromate and L-ascorbic acid) and reducing (sodium bisulfite and L-cysteine) agents, and ammonium phosphate, at varying levels, on deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin: 3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9 en-8 one) in whole wheat flour were investigated during breadbaking. Baking of flour containing 3.13 μg/g DON brought about 7.0% toxin reduction in bread. Sodium bisulfite (25 and 50 μg/g) L-cysteine (10, 40, and 90 μg/g and ammonium phosphate (1,000 μg/g) were moderately effective in reducing DON level in bread (38.0 to 46.0%). Potassium bromate (25 and 75 μg/g) and L-ascorbic acid (50 μg/g) had no effect.     

QD-Infinity免疫荧光定量法快速测定玉米中呕吐毒素的适用性研究

目的建立QD-Infinity免疫荧光法快速测定玉米中呕吐毒素含量的方法,为玉米中呕吐毒素现场筛查提供快速、有效的检测/监测手段。方法通过测定玉米质控样、阴性玉米的添加回收率,与高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)法测定天然玉米进行比较,对QD-Infinity免疫荧光测定法的准确度、精密度及其检出限与定量限进行全面评估。结果玉米质控样中呕吐毒素含量测定值均在其理论值范围内;回收率结果为109.77%、107.83%和111.01%,变异系数分别为9.77%、7.83%、11.01%;与HPLC法相比,测定26份玉米结果的相对偏差在1.20%～5.78%之间;该方法的检出限与定量限分别为10μg/kg、32μg/kg。结论 QD-Infinity免疫荧光法是一种有效、实用的分析方法,能用于玉米中呕吐毒素的定量检测。     

小麦中呕吐毒素的影响因素和污染特性分析

以小麦为研究对象,分析影响呕吐毒素,即脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）含量的相关因素,研究小麦不同粒型及籽粒不同部位DON的污染特性、分布差异。结果表明,小麦籽粒染病、破损,籽粒粒径及虫蛀类型对DON污染均有影响,DON含量与不完善粒含量呈显著的弱正相关,与赤霉病粒含量呈显著的强正相关。相同品种的小麦样品,小麦不同粒型和籽粒不同部位,DON含量存在很大差异,其中赤霉病粒显著高于未染病粒,破损粒显著高于完整粒,小颗粒显著高于大颗粒,籽粒胚部显著高于胚乳,粒面DON含量占35.2%～52.1%。胚乳结构越靠近外层,DON污染越严重,越靠近籽粒中心,DON污染越轻,制粉后外层麸皮DON含量较高,而可食用的小麦粉含量较低。小麦通过分级、分选、水洗和制粉加工可有效降低DON的污染。     

The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption

Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat‐based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat‐based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law—including modified and emerging mycotoxins—and which cover DON derivatives (DON‐3‐glucoside, mono‐acetyl‐DONs, norDONs, deepoxy‐DON), nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran‐enriched products, or high‐cereal low‐moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high‐quality raw materials would be required.     

粮食加工品中呕吐毒素快速检测产品的评价与质量分析

目的 评价市售的18种呕吐毒素快速检测产品的性能指标及在现场快检中的适用性, 为基层在粮食加工品监管领域中呕吐毒素快检产品的选择与应用提供指导, 同时建立了一种食品快速检测试产品的评价方法。方法 以玉米粉为基质, 采用自然染菌的方式制备盲样, 对18个厂家的呕吐毒素快速检测产品进行测试, 以检测限、假阳性率、假阴性率、灵敏度、特异性、相对准确度为性能指标, 同时考察快检产品的在现场快检中的适用性。结果 本次评价的18种快检产品中, 有8种呕吐毒素快检产品符合标准要求, 在现场快检中的适用性良好, 合格率为44.4%。结论 呕吐毒素胶体金快速检测产品具有快速、准确、方便、灵敏高等特点, 可在粮食加工品的质量监管与质量控制中使用, 但仍有部分产品达不到标准要求, 因此在快检产品使用前, 有必要对其进行评价。     

储存条件对玉米胚及粕和毛油中呕吐毒素含量的影响

将不同水分含量(5.03%、9.07%、11.82%、17.97%)的玉米胚在25℃、相对湿度45%条件下储存30 d,将9.07%水分含量的玉米胚在25℃,不同相对湿度(75%、85%、95%)条件下储存30d,取不同储存时间的玉米胚样品检测其水分、粗脂肪及呕吐毒素(DON)含量,并检测玉米胚提取油脂后所得玉米粕和毛油中DON含量,分析储存条件对玉米胚及粕和毛油中DON含量的影响。结果表明:储存期间,低水分含量(5.03%和9.07%)玉米胚霉变较轻,粗脂肪含量变化较小;高水分含量(11.82%和17.97%)玉米胚霉变程度逐渐加深,粗脂肪含量分别下降1.21、2.74个百分点;不同水分含量玉米胚DON含量为160.9~489.5μg/kg,其粕中DON含量为200.2~340.6μg/kg;相对湿度为75%时,玉米胚品质无明显变化;相对湿度为85%和95%时,玉米胚品质劣变显著,其粗脂肪含量分别降低1.93、3.87个百分点,玉米胚DON含量148.3~484.7μg/kg,其粕中DON含量270.6~439.6μg/kg;不同储存条件下得到玉米油中均未检出DON;玉米胚及粕中DON含量均低于国标1 000μg/kg的限量。