基于鱼类产卵场水力学与生态水文特征的生态流量过程研究

针对山区河流珍稀特有鱼类的水力生境参数定量化困难,以及单一流量的生态需水研究难以反映天然河流生态水文过程的问题,以澜沧江上游某水电站下游分布的澜沧裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼为目标物种,采用非恒定流数学模型,根据目标物种产卵场天然逐日流量过程资料,分析其产卵场在产卵期的水力学特征并构建生态水文指标体系,建立流速、水深适宜度曲线,提出流速、水深需求的适宜范围。并采用河道内流量增量法,结合生态水文指标体系,获得该水电站下泄的生态流量过程,为恢复类似流域生态系统多样性提供了参考。     

支流影响下的水库水温预测模型

采用宽度平均的立面二维水温模型,通过分析支流和主库之间的相互影响,提出了支流与主库耦合的简化方法,建立了考虑支流影响的水库水温模型。在考虑有无支流影响的条件下,对水库水温分布、水库下泄水温和坝前垂向水温分布均作了比较,结果表明支流对水库水温分布有一定的影响,所建立支流与主库耦合的立面二维水温模型能够较好地反映存在支流影响的水库水温分布,预测水库水温分布比较合理。     

立面二维水库水温模型的并行研究

对水库水温进行预测时,传统SIMPLE算法在每个时间步上都要顺序计算流场和压力场,并进行修正,效率较低。结合其压力修正原理,提出对流场和标量方程、系数矩阵与方程求解分别进行并行处理,应用于宽度平均的立面二维水库水温模型,采用Intel四核处理器进行计算,预测结果显示串并行结果完全一致,加速比达1.5,有效地提高了该模型的计算效率。     

Heat transfer at ice-water interface under conditions of low flow velocities

The heat transfer at the ice-water interface is closely related to the hydrodynamic and physical properties of the water body.It affects the ice cover thickness and the water temperature underlying the ice cover.This paper studies the heat transfer from the water to the ice cover.Based on the flume data,a linear relationship between the ice-water heat transfer coefficient and the flow velocity beneath the ice cover is established and the calculated dimensionless ice-water heat transfer coefficient is 1.1×10-3.This empirical relationship can be applied to estimate the ice-water heat transfer of reservoirs,lakes and other freshwater bodies when the flow velocity under the ice cover is in the range of 0.024 m/s-0.110 m/s.     

“设计之计”——自然灾害危机下的设计

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的爆发让人们再次意识到自然灾害的威胁,同时也开始思考如何利用设计抓住机遇,从而充分发挥其力量应对灾害。面对危机,设计该怎么做?本文以问题为导向,以分析案例为方法,通过不同视角来阐释在灾害危机发生前、发生时、发生后三个时间节点中设计应该如何为之。     

流域水电梯级开发水温累积影响特征分析

采用立面2维水温模型,以金沙江下游梯级水电站为例,对各梯级水库的水温分布及变化过程进行了数值模拟。计算结果揭示了梯级水电站水温累积影响的3大特征,即下泄水温延迟效应、平坦化效应和库内水温的同温化效应。研究结果还表明:联合调度时,梯级下泄水温的延迟效应和平坦化效应随梯级数量增加而强化,但其强化趋势趋缓;下游梯级库区水温同温化现象显著,库区在升温期垂向温度梯度和全库温差减小明显,下层过渡层和温跃层基本消失,库底同温层厚度扩大。     

基于历史水文资料的华南鲤产卵场水力参数适宜度分析

基于历史水文资料,以云南元江华南鲤为目标物种,应用水文分析方法对平水年情况下华南鲤产卵场的逐日流量过程进行了计算分析。在此基础上,采用恒定流数学模型,计算分析华南鲤产卵期产卵场的水深和流速,同时统计分析产卵场的历史水温资料。通过对华南鲤产卵期产卵场的水深、流速以及水温分布特征的分析研究,提出华南鲤产卵期水深需求的适宜范围为0.8~1.6m,流速需求的适宜范围为0.2~0.4m/s,水温需求的适宜范围为16~18℃,该方法可为保护华南鲤提供理论依据和技术参考。     

Modeling of thermodynamics of ice and water in seasonal ice-covered reservoir

A width-averaged 2-D numerical model for simulating vertical distributions of flow and water temperature in reservoirs with an ice cover is developed. In this model, the 2-D flow and water temperature distributions are solved by the finite volume method with the k-? turbulent model. The heat conduction in the ice cover is modeled by the vertical heat transfer and the heat exchanges through the air-ice and ice-water interfaces. The model is applied to a 153 km long reservoir in Songhua River and the simulated results are in a good agreement with the field data of both the vertical water temperature and the ice thickness. The simulated results show that the ice cover thickness in the reservoir is not uniform, the maximum thickness appears in the middle reach, the outflow temperature has an obvious variation as compared with the natural temperature, and a buoyant flow occurs in the reservoir surface at the freeze-up and break-up periods. The model can effectively simulate the water temperature and the ice conditions of large reservoirs in cold regions.     

k-ε双方程水库水温模型浮力模拟分析

在比较国内外常用水库水温紊流模型的基础上,针对采用k-ε双方程紊流模型的宽度平均立面二维水库水温模型,从理论分析和数值模拟两方面讨论了k-ε紊流模型在模拟温差异重流时紊动动能生成项和浮力项的作用机理。分析了紊动动能生成项和浮力项对紊动动能和耗散率各自的影响程度,对水温垂向梯度与紊动动能的相互制约关系进行了探讨,研究了紊动动能浮力项和生成项在水库垂向的分布规律。W2模型根据实测数据率定的涡黏系数或混合长度在通用性上存在一定不足,但在使用者经验丰富的条件下仍能得到足够精确的预测结果。k-ε模型紊动动能生成项和浮力项引起的耗散率改变对紊动动能的影响作为小量可予忽略;k-ε模型可通过紊动动能生成项和浮力项计算与垂向流速和温度分布相适应的涡黏系数,将温差浮力影响反映在垂向动量方程中;浮力项主要受垂向温度梯度控制,紊动动能与垂向温度梯度的相互制约关系是k-ε紊流模型模拟温差异重流的关键因素。     

A parameter analysis of a two-phase flow model for supersaturated total dissolved gas downstream spillways

A high concentration of the total dissolved gas(TDG) in a flow downstream high dams may cause the gas bubble disease in fishes.To better understand the spatial distribution of a supersaturated TDG,a numerical simulation approach for determining the TDG concentration is shown to be effective and convenient; however,the determination of the model parameters relies to a great extent on the observed field data,which are scarce but are very sensitive to the accuracy of the simulation.In this regard,determining the source parameter in the TDG transport equation is the primary concern of this paper.Observed field data from six different spillways in China are used to calibrate the source parameter.A relationship between the source parameter and the hydrodynamic characteristics is established.The inclusion of this relationship in the predictive relationship will enable an accurate and rapid estimation of the source parameter and may help in developing mitigation measures for the TDG supersaturation downstream the spillways.