不同生长条件对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

目前,愈演愈烈的水体富营养化现象给水处理工艺带来了十分严峻的考验。为了深刻理解水处理工艺中主要运行条件对铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的影响,试验以藻细胞个数和胞外分泌物浓度为指标,在长达30 d的试验周期内研究了藻细胞繁殖阶段中水温、光照和振动等参数与铜绿微囊藻生长代谢变化之间的相互联系。结果发现改变水温和水力学条件对藻细胞的生长代谢有着十分重要的影响。环境条件的改变（如提高水温和增加振动频率）虽然有利于藻细胞的灭活,但也可能导致胞外分泌物含量的激增,这对水处理效果有着严重负面影响。     

Delayed influence of dam storage and discharge on the determination of seasonal proliferations of Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in a regulated river system of the lower Nakdong River (South Korea)

This study presents the relationship between the dam hydrology and phytoplankton proliferations in a regulated river system in East Asia. A long-term ecological study reveals that multi-purpose dam regulation on river flow in the Nakdong River (South Korea) affects proliferating patterns of phytoplankton, especially during summer (June-August) and winter (December-next February) as Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii, respectively, dominate each season by over 80%. Eutrophication was observed in the lower Nakdong River (South Korea) (mean+/-standard deviation: nitrate-N, 2.8+/-0.9 mg L(-1); phosphate-P, 40.3+/-31.3 microg L(-1); chlorophyll a, 45.2+/-84.9 microg L(-1); n=449), and the limnological characteristics responded to climatic variations such as monsoon and summer typhoons. The river basin experiences concentrated rainfall during the rainy season (June-September, over ca. 60% of total annual rainfall). Correlation and cross-correlation for time-delayed relationship revealed the hydrological environments (i.e., quantity of dam storage and discharge) had significantly negative relationship with the population dynamics of the two bloom-forming species for up to the next 2 years. S. hantzschii had clearer relationship with dam storage and discharge, which might be due to the seasonality exhibited by the species. The results support the necessity of "smart flow control" which may enable destruction of bloom formation by the two species with an adequate pulse of discharge generated by upstream dams in the far-east Asian river systems. This would increase the efficiency of water resource management system.     

菹草对普通小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

选取沉水植物菹草与浮游藻类普通小球藻、铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,在菹草共培养胁迫下测定2种藻单独存在和按1∶1混合情况下的光密度、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、最大光化学量子产量、相对电子传递速率、可溶性糖、丙二醛以及超氧化物歧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,在菹草存在的条件下,普通小球藻、铜绿微囊藻和二者混合藻的生长被快速、强烈地抑制,抑制率最大值分别为74.38%、80.98%和89.63%。3个处理组的光密度值、叶绿素a、可溶性糖和超氧化物歧化酶均低于对照组,且随时间呈明显的下降趋势,说明其光合能力逐渐减弱;而丙二醛含量在0~6 d却高于对照组,表明可能发生了浮游藻类膜脂过氧化过程。     

Short-term bacterial community composition dynamics in response to accumulation and breakdown of Microcystis blooms

Short-term bacterial community composition (BCC) dynamics in response to accumulation and breakdown of Microcystis blooms were examined by conducting in situ mesocosm experiments with varying levels of Microcystis sp. biomass, ranging from 15 to 3217 μg/L as measured by chlorophyll-a concentration in the freshwater water column. The BCC was assessed by means of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S ribosomal RNA genes followed by cloning and sequencing of selected samples. The results showed that the composition of both free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities changed during the accumulation and breakdown phases of a Microcystis bloom, and differences were also evident with different levels of Microcystis biomass. The relative abundance of bacteria affiliated with Micrococcineae and Legionellales increased in general after amendment with Microcystis. Significant correlation between the relative abundance of Micrococcineae and breakdown of Microcystis biomass was also observed. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the changes in the free-living and particle-attached bacterial community were mostly related to the changes in the concentrations of chlorophyll-a, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH, which were mainly induced by the breakdown of Microcystis biomass. Overall, our study revealed the following: i) accumulation of Microcystis blooms and their breakdown have strong impacts on bacterial community composition; ii) there might be saprophytic association between Micrococcineae and decomposition of Microcystis biomass; iii) it is necessary to reveal potential associations between Legionellales organisms and Microcystis blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes.     

介质阻挡放电低温等离子体灭活铜绿微囊藻的实验研究

采用介质阻挡放电(Dielectric Barrier Discharge, DBD)低温等离子体对铜绿微囊藻进行灭活研究,考察了电气参数、场结构参数及铜绿微囊藻溶液液相体系因素等放电条件对其灭活规律的影响。利用多种分析方法[如丙酮提取分光光度法、电导率测定、扫描电镜(SEM)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)]检验DBD低温等离子体对铜绿微囊藻的灭活效果。实验结果表明,放电条件对铜绿微囊藻灭活率有极大影响,在最佳条件下(放电电压160 V,放电电流0.6 A,介质间距4 mm,溶液初始OD值0.2,pH值为弱碱性)放电时间5 min,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率可达90%以上。经DBD低温等离子体放电处理后,藻液颜色由鲜绿色→淡绿色→浅黄色→无色,藻细胞的Chl-a含量大幅减少,光合作用能力被抑制,藻细胞的生长受阻。扫描电镜结果显示,藻细胞在放电处理前饱满、完整;而放电后的藻细胞细胞结构破坏严重,细胞膜破裂,细胞内容物泄漏,仅存少量细胞残骸。放电处理后的藻细胞电解质渗出率增大,细胞膜结构受到严重的破坏导致其通透性增大,细胞内容物外泄。DBD低温等离子体灭活铜绿微囊藻的过程中,藻毒素的含量随放电时间先增加后减小。在最佳放电条件下,放电5 min后,不仅完全降解了藻细胞破裂释放出的藻毒素,去除率达100%,还对原有水体中的藻毒素进行了降解。上述实验结果表明,DBD低温等离子体技术是一种较好的去除铜绿微囊藻的方法。该方法不仅可抑制藻细胞的增殖,造成藻细胞大量死亡,而且不会造成水体的二次污染,具有较好的应用价值。     

Effects of low- or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp irradiation on Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena variabilis

A pure culture of Microcystis aeruginosa or Anabaena variabilis, the representatives of water blooming algae, was exposed to low-pressure (LP) or medium-pressure (MP) UV lamps. Irradiated pure culture suspension was subsequently incubated for 7d under white light fluorescent lamps. During incubation, profiles of the number of cells, DNA damage and photosynthetic activity were determined. When UV fluence was 600mJ/cm(2), M. aeruginosa cell numbers decreased throughout the 7-d incubation period, to produce 1.5log reduction (LP) or 1.2log reduction (MP) compared with control. The amount of DNA damage was 2.02x10(-4) ESS/base (LP) and 3.42x10(-4) ESS/base (MP) just after UV irradiation, which became 0.05x10(-4) ESS/base and 0.23x10(-4) ESS/base, respectively, after 3d incubation. However, cell number kept decreasing, even after DNA repair. Photosynthetic activity decreased by 1.5log within 1d (LP) or 3d (MP). Thus, reduction in photosynthetic activity could contribute to the reduction in M. aeruginosa cell numbers. A. variabilis cell numbers reduced by 2.3log (LP) or 2.2log (MP) during the 7-d incubation period; however, after DNA damage repair, cell number began to increase. The amount of DNA damage was 6.07x10(-4) ESS/base (LP) and 4.48x10(-4) ESS/base (MP) just after UV irradiation, which became 0.23x10(-4) ESS/base and 0.40x10(-4) ESS/base, respectively, after 3d incubation. No reduction was observed in photosynthetic activity/cell. Therefore, DNA damage is the main contributor of the reduction in cell number of A. variabilis.     

混凝沉淀工艺对不同优势藻类的去除特性研究

为了考察混凝沉淀工艺的除藻性能在不同藻类优势期内的变化,将试验过程分为绿藻优势期和蓝藻优势期两个阶段,进行进水藻类群落结构特征及其变化对混凝沉淀除藻效能的影响研究.结果表明,混凝沉淀在绿藻优势期和蓝藻优势期的除藻效率分别为68.3%和40.4%,且各种藻类的去除效能并无明显的相互影响.蓝藻优势期的藻类去除率大大低于绿藻优势期,其根本原因在于占优势地位的微囊藻的生理生态特征.因此,把水中的所有藻类笼统地作为一个去除对象是不适宜的,应分析水中藻类群落结构特征,并根据特定原水中的优势藻种类进行针对性的除藻方案研究.     

Algicidal effect of bacterial isolates of Pedobacter sp. against cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

The aim of this study was to isolate algicidal bacteria so as to control harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (M.aeruginosa) blooms using biological methods. Nine bacterial strains were isolated to inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa, among which the MaI11-5 bacterial strain exhibited remarkable algicidal activity against M. aeruginosa cells during the test. Based on the 16S rDNA analysis, the isolated MaI11-5 was identified as Pedobacter sp. through morphology and homology research. The results of cocultivation of the cyanobacteria with MaI11-5 algicidal isolates showed obvious algicidal activity against cyanobacterial cells. The algicidal effect of MaI11-5 exceeded 50% after two days, exceeded 70% after four days, and reached 80% after seven days. The observation results with a scanning electron microscope showed that the cyanobacterial cells aggregated and produced mucous-like substances when cocultivated with the algicidal bacteria. The results indicated that the MaI11-5 bacterial strain may possess a novel function for controlling harmful blooms and further studies will provide new insights into its role in water environment.     

Mitigating cyanobacterial blooms: how effective are ‘effective microorganisms’?

This study examined the effects of ‘Effective Microorganisms (EM)’ on the growth of cyanobacteria, and their ability to terminate cyanobacterial blooms. The EM was tested in the form of ‘mudballs’ or ‘Bokashi‐balls’, and as a suspension (EM‐A) in laboratory experiments. No growth inhibition was observed for a laboratory strain of Microcystis aeruginosa and for M. aeruginosa from the field at the recommended dosage of 1 EM‐mudball per square‐metre (≈0.1–0.3 g L^?1). Cyanobacteria were inhibited only at very high concentrations (5–10 g L^?1 cyanobacteria), and a bloom was reduced, being attributed to the high amount of clay and high water turbidity. For these high dosage treatments, the dissolved oxygen concentration dropped initially to very low levels, with longer incubation indicating that nutrients were released from the material. The EM‐A suspension appeared ineffective in hampering cyanobacterial growths at recommended usage concentrations. EM‐mudballs released phosphate (160 μg P g^?1) and metals (aluminium, copper, traces of lead and lanthanum). The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that EM are effective in preventing cyanobacterial proliferation or in terminating blooms, thereby suggesting lake restoration by ‘Effective Microorganisms’ is not a convincing eutrophication control option.     

纳米塑料对大型 氵 蚤 摄食及生长繁殖的影响

水环境中的纳米塑料（NPs）污染已成为全球性的环境问题。大型溞（Daphnia magna）作为淡水中重要的初级消费者之一,常被运用于基于生物操纵的富营养化水体修复,但关于NPs对大型溞摄食行为的影响尚不清晰。以大型溞和聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（PSNPs,1 000 nm）为研究对象,探究了大型溞21 d内对产毒铜绿微囊藻（Toxic Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）摄食倾向的变化及其生理响应。结果表明,以单一产毒铜绿微囊藻作为食物来源时,大型溞受到的发育和生殖毒性最强;与对照组（单一斜生栅藻饲喂）相比,高浓度产毒铜绿微囊藻组大型溞体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量分别升高至对照组的3.97倍和4.55倍,总产卵次数和体长分别降低了73%和13%,且大型溞对产毒铜绿微囊藻的滤食率呈随时间延长而升高的趋势。但在PSNPs（3.56 mg/L）暴露下,在初始藻密度为微囊藻:栅藻为1:9和微囊藻:栅藻为2.5:7.5处理组中,大型溞的滤食能力都显著下降;对照组添加PSNPs后,大型溞对斜生栅藻的滤食率降低了32%。在产毒铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻共培养体系中,大型溞对产毒铜绿微囊藻的滤食率比对照组降低了66%,缓解了大型溞所受的发育和生殖毒性,但不利于降低微囊藻的生物量。