Rip currents near coastal structures in Lake Michigan: Characterization and assessment for warnings

Rip currents near coastal structures commonly occur in Lake Michigan in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Lack of timely warning due to undocumented characteristics of rip currents and no assessment tool can contribute to tragic drownings incidents. In this paper, we characterized rip current occurrences near breakwater structures and developed an assessment tool for providing timely rip current warnings to beachgoers at the study site, City of Port Washington, WI. Characteristics of rip currents near the structure were observed from field measurements or visual images. Deflection rip currents had speeds of ～ 0.2 m/s and lasted for several hours. The rip current occurrences were associated with environmental proxies. It was found that rip currents can occur even when the water appears calm near the structure. A Structure Rip Checklist and Assessment Matrix (SRiCAM) with a four-tiered risk was developed and validated using observations. Furthermore, the SRiCAM was integrated into cyberinfrastructure with a data contingency plan to provide real-time warnings to the public. The applicability of the SRiCAM to other locations across Lake Michigan was further tested and results are promising. Overall, the SRiCAM has the potential to be widely extended to foster recreational water safety and resilience to rip current hazards in the Great Lakes.     

Diet composition and overlap for adult walleye,lake whitefish,and yellow perch in Green Bay,Lake Michigan

Interspecific interactions among walleye Sander vitreus, lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis, and yellow perch Perca flavescens in Green Bay could influence the population status of each species, but potential trophic interactions are poorly understood. Our objectives were to determine if diet assemblages for each species and diet overlap among species varied spatially and temporally within Green Bay. Adult walleye (≥381 mm total length (TL); N = 981), lake whitefish (≥432 mm TL; N = 1507), and yellow perch (≥150 mm TL; N = 1174) were collected during May-October of 2018 and 2019 from multiple locations in southern and northern Green Bay. Diet assemblages of each species varied between northern and southern Green Bay, but walleye diets were more temporally variable (among months within zones and between years) than diets of lake whitefish or yellow perch. Lake whitefish represented a seasonally important prey item for walleye in southern Green Bay, composing 10 % and 41 % of walleye diets by weight in May and June, respectively. Yellow perch generally composed <15 % of walleye diets by weight but were consumed at a broader spatiotemporal scale than lake whitefish. Diet overlap between walleye and both lake whitefish and yellow perch was generally weak or moderate, whereas diet overlap between whitefish and perch was generally strong. Our assessment of adult trophic interactions suggests that changes in the population status of one species could influence fisheries for all three, and we identify additional research questions to address potential population-level effects of these trophic interactions.     

Opportunities for combining data of Estonian and Russian monitoring to reflect on water quality in large transboundary Lake Peipsi

Lake Peipsi, one of the world’s largest lakes, is shared between Estonia and Russia. The water quality in different parts of the lake has so far been assessed independently. Here we explore opportunities for combining data of Estonian and Russian monitoring. For that, we 1) analysed the compatibility of data for some water quality variables; 2) estimated the potential effects of the differences in sampling frequency; 3) provided a few regression models to calculate the missing data for months not sampled by the Russian side. Data of the concurrent Estonian and Russian sampling indicated a good compatibility. Estonian data analysis suggested that water quality assessment results are sensitive to sampling frequency. For example, total phosphorus (TP) in the largest basin showed a long-term decreasing trend in three month data that disappeared when data for other months were added. Disregarding some months may lead to under- or overestimation of certain factors with no consistency in the response of different basins. Hence, data of the whole ice-free period are recommended for an adequate water quality assessment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that monthly values of the water quality variables of the same year are autocorrelated. Based on this, we filled the gaps in the long-term data and compiled a dataset for the whole lake that enables its most comprehensive use in water quality assessment and management. Long-term data revealed no water quality improvement of Lake Peipsi. Further reduction of the external nutrient load is needed. Eutrophication is sustained by high internal phosphorus load.     

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷古近系高自然伽马砂岩形成机制及油气地质意义

运用放射性元素寻找油气是一种非常规油气勘探手段。近年来,在珠江口盆地珠一坳陷富烃凹陷周边古近系钻遇高自然伽马(GR)砂岩,其GR值(100~300 API)甚至大于同区泥岩的GR值(100~200 API)。为了弄清该特殊现象背后的地质意义,对珠江口盆地珠一坳陷古近系高自然伽马砂岩开展了铀(U)、钍(Th)、钾(K)等3种元素含量与GR值的相关趋势线分析,从井震特征、岩性特征及矿物成分特征等入手分析了砂岩GR值增高的主要原因及成因机制,探讨了放射性元素聚集的条件、运移通道、驱动力以及油气意义。结果表明:西江、惠州地区由U含量增高导致砂岩GR值偏高,恩平、番禺地区由K,Th含量增高导致砂岩GR值偏高;砂岩GR值增高有两大成因机制,一是地下流体带来的放射性元素离子U4+在氧化-还原面处富集后导致地层GR值偏高,这种特殊现象说明在具有连通基底大断裂旁的圈闭中,U4+的富集指示了曾经油气的存在,证实了研究区油气运移通道的有效性,对于油气藏的预测有着非常重要的指导性意义,二是地表流体带来的含放射性元素的矿物大量沉积后导致地层GR值偏高,含放射性元素矿物性质不稳定,可指示近源供给的存在,对于判断物源及沉积环境有着非常重要的意义。该研究成果为预测研究区油气成藏有利区带提供了依据。     

近源成藏——来自鄂尔多斯盆地延长组湖盆东部“边缘”延长组6段原油的地球化学证据

延安以东和以北的鄂尔多斯盆地东北部地区曾被认为位处三叠纪延长组7段（长7段）沉积期古湖盆的"边缘"，一些学者认为该区延长组烃源岩不发育，因而其油藏原油系湖盆中心生成的原油经长距离侧向运移而来；但也有研究认为，包括盆地边缘在内的整个鄂尔多斯盆地致密油藏均为近源成藏。为明确盆地东部地区延长组原油来源，对三叠纪湖盆"东缘"七里村油田的主力油层延长组6段（长6段）原油开展了原油地球化学和油源对比研究。七里村油田长6段原油具有高饱和烃、高饱芳比、低非烃和低沥青质的特征，正构烷烃呈前高单峰型，主峰碳为C₁₉，生物标志化合物分析显示长6段原油为同源成熟原油，生油母质以藻类等低等水生生物为主，混有陆源高等植物，母源沉积环境为偏还原性的淡水湖泊。七里村油田长6段原油与本地区长7段黑色泥页岩和暗色泥岩2种烃源岩均具有明显亲缘关系，而与志丹、富县等湖盆中心地区的长7段烃源岩在族组成、生物标志化合物和稳定碳同位素特征上均存在明显区别。综合分析认为七里村油田长6段原油并非湖盆中心长7段优质烃源岩所生油气经长距离运移而来，而主要为原位长7段烃源岩生成的原油经垂向运移和短距离侧向运移在长6段等储层中聚集成藏，属于近源成藏。     

利比亚古达米斯盆地含油气系统研究

利比亚古达米斯盆地是一个巨大的撒哈拉台地克拉通内盆地，该盆地对于利比亚乃至北非都是一个重要的含油气盆地，对于整个非洲大陆油气的形成和储集具有重要影响。在分析盆地地质构造特征和沉积演化特征的基础上，进一步探讨了盆地烃源岩、储集层和盖层的演化发育历史形态，并对盆地内2个较为重要的含油气系统进行了剖析，为在该盆地内进一步开展石油勘探开发工作提供了可靠依据。     

超深超高压裂缝性致密砂岩气藏高效开发技术——以塔里木盆地克拉苏气田为例

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏气田属于国内罕见的超深超高压裂缝性致密砂岩气藏,气田开发在超深圈闭及断层的落实、储层气水分布的预测、气藏精细描述、裂缝活动性变化的评价及预测、动态监测资料录取、渗流机理研究及对水侵的预测和治理等方面面临诸多难题。为此,通过开展超深复杂构造地震处理解释、裂缝性致密储层定量描述与地质建模、断层活动性评价、超高压气井动态监测以及超高压条件下的渗流机理实验,结合考虑水侵影响的优化开发技术政策,攻关形成了适用于该气藏的系列配套开发技术,并应用于气田开发实践。结果表明:(1)对于山前超深复杂构造,宽方位、高覆盖、高密度的地震采集技术和基于高精度速度模型的叠前深度偏移处理技术可以有效改善地震资料的品质,提高圈闭和断层的落实程度;(2)沿轴线高部位集中布井的井网可以较好地规避构造偏移的风险,实现储量的有效动用、延缓边部水侵;(3)防水、控水、排水是裂缝性致密砂岩气藏开发全生命周期都需要考虑的关键问题,温和开采、见水排水是主要的开发技术对策;(4)系列配套开发技术在该气田取得了良好的应用效果,钻井成功率、产能到位率均达到100%,高效井比例达到78%,该气田年产气量从3×10~8 m~3快速上升到74×10~8 m~3。     

四川盆地磨溪地区灯四段风化壳岩溶储层特征

近年来，四川盆地磨溪地区灯四段的油气勘探取得了重大突破，为研究磨溪22井区灯四上亚段优质岩溶储层特征及分布规律，开展了岩心分析、物性测试、地震资料解释、测井分析和有利岩溶储层发育区预测等工作。结果表明：①岩溶储层的岩性主要为藻云岩类、砂屑云岩类和结晶云岩类，储集空间主要为溶蚀孔、溶洞和裂缝；②溶蚀作用包括同生期大气淡水的溶蚀作用、埋藏期深部热液溶蚀作用和有机酸的溶蚀作用、表生期大气淡水的溶蚀作用；③表生期的溶蚀作用控制了优质储层的分布，多发育于垂直渗流带附近和水平潜流带上部区域，平面上优质储层的分布受控于沉积相带和古地貌特征，以丘滩相和溶丘斜坡较好。该研究成果为磨溪地区下一步勘探指明了方向。     

澳大利亚North Carnarvon盆地中生代气候环境演变与优质烃源岩发育机制

利用地层中包含的大量微体化石,结合沉积学分析,恢复了澳大利亚North Carnarvon盆地中生代的古气候与古环境,综合中生界优质烃源岩发育的古地理背景,探讨了其发育模式。研究结果表明,中生代不同层段微体化石属种及其相对含量的变化,对应于古气候与古环境的变迁;古气候呈干旱—湿润—干旱—湿润的旋回性变化;早三叠世—晚三叠世为水退过程,晚三叠世—晚白垩世整体为水进过程。中生界可识别出4个沉积相类型:三角洲相、滨海相、局限海相和开阔海相。早三叠世主要发育开阔海相,中—晚三叠世则主要发育三角洲相,侏罗纪局限海相尤为发育,白垩纪主要发育局限海相和开阔海相。4个沉积相的微体化石组合特征差异明显,三角洲—滨浅海—局限海—开阔海孢粉含量逐渐下降,沟鞭藻+疑源类含量逐渐升高;三角洲相与滨浅海相孢粉占主导地位,局限海相孢粉含量与沟鞭藻+疑源类含量相近,开阔海相则以沟鞭藻+疑源类占主导地位。古气候与古环境影响沉积物的供给及有机物的形成,微体化石组合决定了有机质的母质类型,两者最终决定了盆地有机质的发育模式,综合中生界烃源岩发育的古地理背景、古气候条件及微体化石组合特征,将其有机质发育模式总结为大型三角洲背景下陆源有机质发育模式和局限海背景下混合有机质发育模式。     

引江济巢工程对改善巢湖水质的数值模拟分析

巢湖受周围城市工业化及农业生产迅速发展的影响,湖区及流域的生态环境发生了巨大变化,尤其是近几年巢湖水质达到重富营养化水平。引江济巢工程是改善巢湖水质的重要工程措施,采用EFDC生态动力学模型模拟了巢湖不同调水流量、调水线路、调水时间对水环境的影响。结果表明,引江济巢工程在一定程度、时间上使巢湖湖区水质发生一定程度的改善,但若入湖水质不达标,调水也增加了巢湖的富营养化风险。