Comparison and analysis of bare soil evaporation models combined with ASTER data in Heihe River Basin

Based on ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) remote sensing data, bare soil evaporation was estimated with the Penman-Monteith model, the Priestley-Taylor model, and the aerodynamics model. Evaporation estimated by each of the three models was compared with actual evaporation, and error sources of the three models were analyzed. The mean absolute relative error was 9% for the Penman-Monteith model, 14% for the Priestley-Taylor model, and 32% for the aerodynamics model; the Penman-Monteith model was the best of these three models for estimating bare soil evaporation. The error source of the Penman-Monteith model is the neglect of the advection estimation. The error source of the Priestley-Taylor model is the simplification of the component of aerodynamics as 0.72 times the net radiation. The error source of the aerodynamics model is the difference of vapor pressure and neglect of the radiometric component. The spatial distribution of bare soil evaporation is evident, and its main factors are soil water content and elevation.     

抚顺地区参考作物需水量与气象因素的关系

根据抚顺地区3个气象站10年的气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算了10年来每年(5～9月)各月的参考作物需水量ET0,分析了ET0的月际变化和年际变化特征,同时分析了各气象因素对ET0的影响。日照时数(H)是影响抚顺地区参考作物需水量ET0最主要因素。     

扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽蒸散发计算与分析

根据水生植物芦苇生长期内的特点，利用扎龙湿地水文气象监测站2003年6月份的气象监测资料及FAO(56)推荐的P-M公式，计算了扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽区域的参照作物蒸散发量，并采用单作物系数法计算了扎龙芦苇湿地的实际蒸散发量。     

Global estimates of evapotranspiration for climate studies using multi-sensor remote sensing data: Evaluation of three process-based approaches

Three process based models are used to estimate terrestrial heat fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) at the global scale: a single source energy budget model, a Penman-Monteith based approach, and a Priestley-Taylor based approach. All models adjust the surface resistances or provide ecophysiological constraints to account for changing environmental factors. Evaporation (or sublimation) over snow-covered regions is calculated consistently for all models using a modified Penman equation. Instantaneous fluxes of latent heat computed at the time of satellite overpass are linearly scaled to the equivalent daily evapotranspiration using the computed evaporative fraction and the day-time net radiation. A constant fraction (10% of daytime evaporation) is used to account for the night time evaporation. Interception losses are computed using a simple water budget model. We produce daily evapotranspiration and sensible heat flux for the global land surface at 5 km spatial resolution for the period 2003-2006. With the exception of wind and surface pressure, all model inputs and forcings are obtained from satellite remote sensing.Satellite-based inputs and model outputs were first carefully evaluated at the site scale on a monthly-mean basis, then as a four-year mean against a climatological estimate of ET over 26 major basins, and finally in terms of a latitudinal profile on an annual basis. Intercomparison of the monthly model estimates of latent and sensible heat fluxes with 12 eddy-covariance towers across the U.S. yielded mean correlation of 0.57 and 0.54, respectively. Satellite-based meteorological datasets of 2 m temperature (0.83), humidity (0.70), incident shortwave radiation (0.64), incident longwave radiation (0.67) were found to agree well at the tower scale, while estimates of wind speed correlated poorly (0.17). Comparisons of the four year mean annual ET for 26 global river basins and global latitudinal profiles with a climatologically estimated ET resulted in a Kendall's τ > 0.70. The seasonal cycle over the continents is well represented in the Hovmöeller plots and the suppression of ET during major droughts in Europe, Australia and the Amazon are well picked up. This study provides the first ever moderate resolution estimates of ET on a global scale using only remote sensing based inputs and forcings, and furthermore the first ever multi-model comparison of process-based remote sensing estimates using the same inputs.     

作物腾发量计算中的一些问题的探讨

联合国粮农组织(FAO)于1998年正式推荐新的计算作物腾发量的标准方法FAO彭曼—蒙特斯公式(Penman-Monteith公式),用以代替FAO过去推荐的修正彭曼公式。目前我国还普遍习惯于使用修正彭曼公式,对新的FAO彭曼一蒙特斯公式尚不熟悉,以致在使用中有一些容易混淆的问题。现在就其中一些问题进行了深入的探讨,为在计算作物蒸腾蒸发量中推广彭曼一蒙特斯公式这一标准化的计算方法提供帮助。     

北京市潜在蒸散发量的时间序列变化特征分析

区域蒸散发是一个地区气象和农业生产的重要水分指标。现采用彭曼公式计算潜在蒸散发,研究了北京市1960年-2011年潜在蒸散发及其影响因素的变化趋势,并对研究区潜在蒸散发时间序列变化进行了多尺度周期性分析。研究结果显示,潜在蒸散发线性变化趋势为每年增加0.54mm,利用Mann-Kendall检验得到区域蒸散发增加趋势不明显,并且无突变点;气温升高,降水量下降导致蒸散发量增加,日照时数下降导致蒸散发量下降;总体上,气温和降水量对北京地区蒸散量影响更大。对北京地区蒸散发进行多尺度周期分析,发现该地区在14a、11～12a、5～6a上存在周期特征,各信号频率分布的时间域及其强度也存在着差异,而且近15年周期特点不同于历史上以往的时期。     

考虑地表反照率时域重建的海河流域蒸散发模拟研究

地表反照率（a_c）是计算辐射收支分配的重要参数,其精度对实现大尺度地表蒸散发（ET）的准确模拟有重要意义,在ET模拟中常用线性插值法来获取时间连续的a_c数据,但其a_c重建过程的机理性不足。本研究利用时域重建方法获取a_c的逐日数据,利用Penman-Monteith-Leuning（PML）模型对海河流域ET进行了模拟,并与传统的基于线性插值计算a_c的方法进行对比,分析了不同a_c输入对ET模拟结果的影响。结果表明：（1）采用时域重建方法得到的a_c进行ET模拟时,在海河流域与2008、2010及2018年4个涡度相关数据的相关系数均在0.53以上,相关性较好;（2）海河流域2018年的a_c呈现出北高南低的特征,同时夏季和冬季的高值区相对较小;（3）望都站的示例分析表明,与采用线性插值得到的a_c方案相比,对a_c进行时域重建后进一步降低了ET模拟值的均方根误差和偏离度,可为提高蒸散发精度提供借鉴。     

北疆高海拔区苜蓿灌溉制度计算分析

以北疆高海拔地区伊吾县和青河县为例,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的方法推算出不同水平年两地苜蓿生育期内地面灌溉、喷灌、滴灌3种灌溉方式下的灌溉制度。结果表明:相同水平年内研究地区均为滴灌灌溉定额最小、灌水次数最多;相同水平年同一灌溉方式条件下,伊吾地区的灌溉次数、灌溉定额均大于青河地区;各水平年内,研究地区7、8月份的灌水次数所占全生育期的比例均较大。计算结果为提高伊吾、青河地区苜蓿灌溉管理水平提供依据,为气候类似的地区制定苜蓿灌溉制度提供参考。     

1995-2015年宁夏沿黄城市带蒸散发时空变化特征

利用宁夏沿黄城市带6个气象站1995-2015年逐日观测资料,基于Penman-Monteith模型、Budyko假说分别估算宁夏沿黄城市带1995-2015年潜在蒸散发量（ET₀）和实际蒸散发量（ET）,采用Morlet小波分析、气候倾向率等统计方法,分析宁夏沿黄城市带1995-2015年实际蒸散发、潜在蒸散发时空分布和变化情况。结果表明：1995-2015年宁夏沿黄城市带ET₀多年均值为831.585 mm、ET多年均值为710.551 mm,实际蒸散发ET远小于潜在蒸散发ET₀;宁夏沿黄城市带ET与ET₀关系符合正比假设理论,水分供应条件变化下,ET与ET₀均呈现明显的增加趋势,为正相关关系;宁夏沿黄城市带1995-2015年各季节平均蒸散发年际变化总体呈增大趋势,但是也有很明显的时段特征,即先增加后下降再回升,通过滑动t检验确定2006年为突变年;1995-2015年宁夏沿黄城市带年平均蒸散发及气候倾向率空间分布整体呈现由东北向西南“低-高-低”相间分布的空间格局。     

基于云模型的淮北平原参考作物蒸散量时空分布

传统的时空分布分析方法仅可以描述参考作物蒸散量(ET0)的平均时空分布情况,难以对ET0时空分布的离散程度与稳定性进行量化。根据安徽淮北平原5个站点的气象数据与地理信息资料,采用彭曼-蒙特斯公式计算ET0,基于云模型分析了其时空分布特征。结果表明:年ET0呈下降趋势,春、冬季增长,夏、秋季减小;年ET0空间分布较为均匀,季节ET0空间分布不均匀;2004年较为分散而不稳定,1956年较集中而稳定;阜阳站较为分散而不稳定,宿县站较集中而稳定;ET0时间变化的离散程度相对于空间分布较小,稳定性相近。因此,基于云模型分析ET0时空分布特性可行、有效,研究结果可为淮北平原不同作物蒸散发以及旱灾、灌溉等研究提供科学参考。