Status and initial experiments of DRAGON-V facility for lithium-lead blanket technologies of hydrogen fusion reactors

A dual-coolant integrated experimental facility named DRAGON-V has been developed at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for the key technology research and performance evaluation of candidate liquid lithium-lead (PbLi) blanket of hydrogen fusion reactors. The loop is composed of a material test sub-loop and thermal-hydraulic test sub-loop, the design parameters are PbLi inventory 20 tons, PbLi temperature up to 550 °C, the maximum PbLi flow rate up to 40 kg/s. A novel cold trap system is designed to remove the suspended and crystalized impurities in PbLi fluid with three cooling zones and cross row arrangement of rod bundle filter elements. The paper describes the loop itself and its major components, initial loop testing, flow and measurement diagnostics and current experiments. The obtained test results of the loop and its components have demonstrated that the new facility is fully functioning and ready for experimental studies of material corrosion with/without a magnetic field, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect, purification, heat and mass transfer phenomena in PbLi flows and can also be used in mock-up testing in conditions relevant to fusion applications.     

Flow distribution and mass removal in floating treatment wetlands arranged in series and spanning the channel width

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) use plants’ roots for water quality improvement. The plants are supported by a buoyant structure deployed at the water surface. The roots form a porous zone beneath the structure and remove pollutants carried in suspension through filtering, absorption and uptake. This paper used CFD simulation to model FTWs arranged in series and spanning the channel width and to study the effects of root length and spacing between FTWs on flow distribution and mass removal. The root zone was modelled as a porous media, and removal was computed using first-order decay, for which a range of removal constants was tested. Longer roots increased the reactive volume of the root zone, which increased the fraction of pollutant inflow entering the FTWs. Increasing the distance between FTWs allowed greater mixing between water that went through and beneath the upstream FTW. This increased the concentration entering each FTW, which enhanced mass removal per FTW. However, a larger distance between FTWs reduced the number of FTWs in the channel, reducing the reactive volume. In the tradeoff between mixing and reactive volume, the reactive volume was more important, such that total removal in the channel increased with longer roots and more units of FTW (shorter gap distance). However, removing the gap entirely was detrimental, as FTWs in series removed more mass than a continuous FTW of same volume. This study points to two design recommendations for FTWs in series. First, if resources for building FTWs are not limiting, but the channel length is, it is preferable to prioritize higher reactive volume (shorter gap distance) to achieve maximum removal per channel length. Second, if resources for FTWs are limiting, but channel length is not, it is better to place the FTWs with a longer gap distance, preferably along enough to allow mixing over the full depth between FTWs, as this will achieve maximum removal per FTW.     

Generation,validation and application of dynamic load profiles in flow measurement using cavitating Herschel–Venturi nozzles

Today, utility meters for water are tested for measurement behavior at stable operating conditions at specified flow rates as part of the approval process. The measurement error that occurs during start and stop or when changing between flow rates may not be taken into account. In addition, there are new technologies whose measuring behavior under real-world conditions is only known to a limited extend. To take these facts into account, a new method has been developed and tested to determine the measurement behavior of water meters under dynamic load profiles as they occur in the real application. For this purpose, a test rig for flow rate measurement was extended by a cavitation nozzle apparatus and the generation of dynamic load profiles was validated. For the cavitation nozzles used, possible factors influencing the flow rate, such as temperature and purity of the water as well as the upstream pressure were investigated. Using different types of domestic water meters, the applicability of the dynamic test procedure was demonstrated and the measurement behavior of the meters was characterised.     

Relationships among boredom proneness,sensation seeking and smartphone addiction among Chinese college students: Mediating roles of pastime,flow experience and self-regulation

Smartphones are indispensable for many young people, which in turn increases the risk of smartphone addiction. Previous studies have discovered significant and positive influences of boredom proneness, sensation seeking and smartphone addiction. This study further explored these influences, their underlying mechanisms, and the mediating effects of pastime, flow experience and self-regulation on smartphone addiction. A total of 442 Chinese college students completed a survey focusing on boredom proneness, sensation seeking, pastime, flow experience, self-regulation and smartphone addiction. The results indicated that boredom proneness positively affects smartphone addiction. Contrary to expectations, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between sensation seeking and smartphone addiction. Moreover, pastime and self-regulation have partial mediation effects on the relationship between boredom proneness and smartphone addiction, while the effect of sensation seeking on smartphone addiction is completely transmitted with the help of flow experience and self-regulation. The findings and their implications are discussed.     

基于改进相干增强扩散与纹理能量测度和高斯混合模型的导光板表面缺陷检测方法

针对液晶屏(LCD)导光板表面缺陷检测方法存在漏检率和误检率较高,对产品表面复杂渐变的纹理结构适应性差的问题,提出一种基于改进相干增强扩散(ICED)与纹理能量测度和高斯混合模型(TEM-GMM)的LCD导光板表面缺陷检测方法。首先,构建ICED模型,基于结构张量引入平均曲率流扩散(MCF)滤波,使得相干增强扩散(CED)模型对缺陷的细线状纹理有良好的边缘保持效果,并利用相干性得到缺陷纹理增强和背景纹理抑制的滤波后图像;然后,根据Laws纹理能量测度(TEM)提取图像纹理特征,将图像的背景纹理特征作为离线阶段高斯混合模型(GMM)的训练数据,使用期望最大化(EM)算法估计GMM参数;最后,计算待检测图像各像素的后验概率,并将其作为在线检测阶段缺陷像素的判断依据。实验结果表明,该检测方法在导光颗粒随机、规则两种分布的缺陷图像测试数据组上的漏检率和误检率分别为3.27%、4.32%和3.59%、4.87%。所提检测方法适用范围广,可有效检测出LCD导光板表面划痕、异物、脏污和压伤等类型的缺陷。     

How vloggers embrace their viewers: Focusing on the roles of para-social interactions and flow experience

Social media allow marketers to directly influence consumers through a diverse set of tools. The characteristics of individual platforms enable the development of creative and innovative strategies for social media marketing. This study aims at examining para-social interactions (PSI), their antecedents (i.e., attitude homophily and physical attractiveness), and their consequences (i.e., consumers’ sense of belonging, flow experience, urge to purchase, addiction, and impulse purchase). The mediating role of flow experience is also examined in this study. Findings, implications, and directions for further research are also presented in this study.     

The effect of turbulent jet induced by pre-chamber sparkplug on combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air pre-mixture

Effect of turbulent jet ignition induced by pre-chamber sparkplug (PCSP), a simper version of turbulent jet ignition pre-chamber system without fuel injection, on the air-hydrogen combustion characteristics was conducted based on an optical constant volume chamber under varied equivalence ratio conditions. The dynamic pressure sensor and schlieren system were used to evaluate the heat release and flame propagation characteristics. The results confirm the feasibility of PCSP type turbulent jet. The jet increase the flame propagation speed significantly compared to standard ignition, which shorten ignition delay and combustion duration, advance T50 largely, and increase the maximum combustion pressure slightly. As a result, the combustion intensity is increased largely, especially under lean regime, the combustion intensity index can be as high as 1.7 at certain equivalence ratio. In addition, the PCSP turbulent jet reduces the sensitivity of heat release to variation of equivalence ratio, which is helpful to simplify the combustion controlling strategy. Furthermore, with the enhancement of the flame propagation, the tendency of knocking combustion can be suppressed potentially.     

储层原生水对页岩气赋存状态与流动能力的影响

储层原生水对页岩气吸附规律和流动能力的影响情况目前尚不清楚,为此选用四川盆地长宁—威远地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩样品,基于吸附平衡法制取不同含水饱和度的实验样品,开展了高压等温吸附实验,探讨不同含水饱和度下页岩等温吸附作用及机理,并运用自主研发的稳态流动实验装置测试了不同含水饱和度下页岩气的流动能力。研究结果表明:(1)页岩储层微米—纳米级孔隙中原生水的存在降低了页岩的吸附能力,含水饱和度为40%时,模拟计算的总含气量比常规认识下的计算结果下降了18%;(2)页岩视渗透率是压力的函数,低压下努森扩散作用使得页岩视渗透率随压力降低而明显上升,当平均压力为5 MPa、含水饱和度达到50%时,与不含水相比页岩视渗透率下降约70%;(3)当含水饱和度低于临界含水饱和度时,水主要以不可动水赋存在微孔和介孔中,对页岩气流动能力影响较小,而大于临界含水饱和度时,水的赋存位置发生改变,导致页岩气流动能力大幅度降低。结论认为,准确认识页岩储层原始含水饱和度及临界含水饱和度,有助于准确计算页岩气储量、合理预测气井产量。     

碳氮分析仪测定造纸法再造烟叶中的碳酸钙含量

建立了碳氮分析仪法测定造纸法再造烟叶中碳酸钙含量的方法。通过热催化高温氧化反应对样品进行消解,检测经高温分解产生的CO_2气体,分别用不同的前处理方法,测定样品中的总碳和有机碳,用差量法计算出无机碳后,依据碳和碳酸钙分子量的换算,计算得出样品中碳酸钙的含量。结果显示:①待测液线性响应对应的最高碳含量为36mg;②样品本底碳量为14.5mg时,当加标碳量分别为2.5、5.0、7.0mg时平行检测3次的变异系数分别为7.60%、6.25%、3.77%;③方法的回收率范围为85.96%～111.16%;④方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.013mg和0.04mg。方法适合于测定造纸法再造烟叶中碳酸钙的含量。     

Flow Compartments in Viscoelastic Fluids Using Radial Impellers in Stirred Tanks

The influence of viscoelastic flow properties on fluid dynamics using radial impellers is investigated. The use of transparent model fluids allows for the optical measurement of general flow behavior with a fluorescence dying technique. By varying viscoelastic flow properties, size of agitators and rotational frequency, the impact of these parameters on fluid dynamics is analyzed. Toroidally shaped, cavern‐like flow compartments form around the agitators in all fluids in specific rotational frequency ranges, preventing an efficient mixing. By balancing elastic with centrifugal forces, a simple model is developed with which compartment sizes can be predicted with good accuracy. The results indicate a good suitability of the elasticity number as a scale‐up criterion.