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1.
《Advanced Powder Technology》2022,33(8):103664
Powder transport systems are ubiquitous in various industries, where they can encounter single powder flow, two-phase flow with solids carried by gas or liquid, and gas–solid–liquid three-phase flow. System geometry, operating conditions, and particle properties have significant impacts on the flow behavior, making it difficult to achieve good transportation of granular materials. Compared to experimental trials and theoretical studies, the numerical approach provides unparalleled advantages over the investigation and prediction of detailed flow behavior, of which the discrete element method (DEM) can precisely capture complex particle-scale information and attract a plethora of research interests. This is the first study to review recent progress in the DEM and coupled DEM with computational fluid dynamics for extensive powder transport systems, including single-particle, gas–solid/solid–liquid, and gas–solid–liquid flows. Some important aspects (i.e., powder electrification during pneumatic conveying, pipe bend erosion, non-spherical particle transport) that have not been well summarized previously are given special attention, as is the application in some new-rising fields (ocean mining, hydraulic fracturing, and gas/oil production). Studies involving important large-scale computation methods, such as the coarse grained DEM, graphical processing unit-based technique, and periodic boundary condition, are also introduced to provide insight for industrial application. This review study conducts a comprehensive survey of the DEM studies in powder transport systems. 相似文献
2.
Alexander Van-Brunt Patrick E. Farrell Charles W. Monroe 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2022,68(5):e17599
We present the Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell thermodiffusion equations, which account for the Soret and Dufour effects in multicomponent fluids. Unlike transport laws derived from kinetic theory, this framework preserves the structure of the isothermal Stefan–Maxwell equations, separating the thermodynamic forces that drive diffusion from the force that drives heat flow. The Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell transport-coefficient matrix is symmetric, and the second law of thermodynamics imbues it with simple spectral characteristics. This new approach allows for heat to be considered as a pseudo-species and proves equivalent to both the intuitive extension of Fick's law and the generalized Stefan–Maxwell equations popularized by Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot. A general inversion process facilitates the unique formulation of flux-explicit transport equations relative to any choice of convective reference velocity. Stefan–Maxwell diffusivities and thermal diffusion factors are tabulated for gaseous mixtures containing helium, argon, neon, krypton, and xenon. The framework is deployed to perform numerical simulations of steady three-dimensional thermodiffusion in a ternary gas. 相似文献
3.
Clive Bell 《Papers in Regional Science》2022,101(2):373-397
The effects of a rural roads programme depend on labour mobility, how the programme is financed, and agglomeration economies. If financed by a rural poll tax and cross-price effects and agglomeration economies are sufficiently small, the wage will rise, with some return migration. Taxes on trade act as countervailing distortions, yielding urban households some relief. Rural-urban commuting promotes the exploitation of agglomeration economies; taxes on international trade are then inferior to a poll tax. The change in the value, at producer prices, of the rural sector's net supply vector can be a poor measure of the programme's social profitability. 相似文献
4.
新疆奎屯河流域是我国大陆第一个地方性砷中毒的区域,然而在人类活动与自然条件下,对该区地下水砷超标的原因未得到清楚的解释。通过2017年在研究区采集地表水、地下水样品51组,分析了主、微量元素组分;2019年在典型的高砷区钻井2个孔,采集沉积物样品44组,分析了粒径、化学成分。结果表明,研究区地下水砷浓度范围为10~887 μg/L,平均为55.8μg/L,沉积物中砷最高为28.41 mg/kg,砷超标(As≥10 μg/L)较为严重。周边山区分布的菱铁矿、砷酸钙、砷酸锰等矿物,为该区地下水砷含量超标提供了物质来源;强烈的蒸发浓缩作用与岩石风化作用使得地下水中的砷浓度进一步升高;高pH值、低Eh的地下水化学环境,造成砷酸盐从矿物表面解吸附聚集在地下水中;沉积物中Fe、Mn氧化物矿物和黏土矿物的还原过程使与之共存的砷被释放,也是该区地下水中砷超标的原因。 相似文献
5.
茅洲河水环境综合治理工程规模大,水质污染成因成分复杂,有机质、营养盐、重金属污染重,治理区域人员、企业密度大,且需要跨界协同治理。本文通过分析该项目的治理技术路线,制定了双核驱动、多联协同的治理技术路线,并采取雨污管网、活水补水等六类工程措施,使茅洲河国考断面水质提前达到考核目标。在治理过程中通过技术创新,保证了工程质量、进度,可为国内类似城市高密度建成区水环境治理提供借鉴。 相似文献
6.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(37):16335-16346
Oxygen blocking the porous transport layer (PTL) increases the mass transport loss, and then limits the high current density condition of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMEC). In this paper, a two-dimensional transient mathematical model of anode two-phase flow in PEMEC is established by the fluid volume method (VOF) method. The transport mechanism of oxygen in porous layer is analyzed in details. The effects of liquid water flow velocity, porosity, fiber diameter and contact angle on oxygen pressure and saturation are studied. The results show that the oxygen bubble transport in the porous layer is mainly affected by capillary pressure and follows the transport mechanism of ‘pressurization breakthrough depressurization’. The oxygen bubble goes through three stages of growth, migration and separation in the channel, and then be carried out of the electrolysis cell by liquid water. When oxygen breaks through the porous layer and enters the flow channel, there is a phenomenon that the branch flow is merged into the main stream, and the last limiting throat affects the maximum pressure and oxygen saturation during stable condition. In addition, increasing the liquid water velocity is helpful to bubble separation; changing the porosity and fiber diameter directly affects the width of pore throat and the correlative capillary pressure; increasing porosity, reducing fiber diameter and contact angle can promote oxygen breakthrough and reduce the stable saturation of oxygen. 相似文献
7.
两相传输是影响质子交换膜水电解系统性能的关键因素。为掌握质子交换膜水电解单元中多孔扩散层内气液两相传输规律,基于数值重构的三维多孔扩散层结构,采用格子Boltzmann两相流动模型模拟研究了扩散层内两相传输过程,详细分析了扩散层孔隙率和表面接触角对气泡传输与分布的影响。数值模拟结果表明:孔隙率减小会明显降低气体渗透率,从而导致气泡难以在扩散层内找到有效传输通道。接触角的增大不仅增加了气泡在界面堆积的风险,也减缓了气泡在孔隙内的传输速度。从孔隙尺度水平初步掌握了质子交换膜水电解单元多孔扩散层内两相传输规律,可为高性能水电解系统设计和优化提供理论支撑。 相似文献
8.
9.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(6):4062-4074
In this work, coupling effects of water content, temperature, oxygen density, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) loading on oxygen transport through an ionomer thin film on a platinum surface in a catalyst layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell are investigated using molecular dynamics approach. Taguchi orthogonal algorithm is employed to comprehensively analyze the coupling effects in a limited number of cases. It is found that the effect of operation temperature is the weakest among the four factors, which has the smallest effect index 14.4. Coupling effects including the PTFE loadings on the oxygen transfer through the ionomer thin film is uncovered. Less PTFE loadings should be beneficial for the oxygen transfer. The chemical potential gradient is considered as the major driven force for the oxygen transport through the ionomer thin film, and oxygen density is the dominating factor, significantly affecting the chemical potential in the thin film. 相似文献
10.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(70):30291-30302
Fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered a clean alternative for the production of electricity. To improve their efficiency, it is necessary to understand the transport phenomena that determine their performance. This work analyzes the effective diffusion coefficients in the gas diffusion and catalyst layers (GDL and CL, respectively) based on theories such as effective medium approximation and percolation theory of a 3D multiphase nonisothermal model of a single channel PEMFC. We calculate polarization curves with different effective diffusion models and tortuosity factors m, n using OpenFOAM. The best model that approaches to experimental data is the Tomadakis-Sotirchos model with n = 4.0. The exponent m that represents the tortuosity due to the geometry has a high impact on the polarization curve construction compared to the exponent n. High values of diffusibility do not mean high values of current densities showing that there are other phenomena involved, such as water flooding. 相似文献