A high-throughput chaotic advection microreactor for preparation of uniform and aggregated barium sulfate nanoparticles

A high-throughput (105.5 g/h) passive four-stage asymmetric oscillating feedback microreactor using chaotic mixing mechanism was developed to prepare aggregated Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) particles of high primary nanoparticle size uniformity. Three-dimensional unsteady simulations showed that chaotic mixing could be induced by three unique secondary flows (i.e., vortex, recirculation, and oscillation), and the fluid oscillation mechanism was examined in detail. Simulations and Villermaux–Dushman experiments indicate that almost complete mixing down to molecular level can be achieved and the prepared BaSO₄ nanoparticles were with narrow primary particle size distribution (PSD) having geometric standard deviation, σ_g, less than 1.43 when the total volumetric flow rate Q_total was larger than 10 ml/min. By selecting Q_total and reactant concentrations, average primary particle size can be controlled from 23 to 109 nm as determined by microscopy. An average size of 26 nm with narrow primary PSD (σ_g = 1.22) could be achieved at Q_total of 160 ml/min.     

Formation process of zirconia nanotubes and porous structures and model of oxygen bubble growth

Preparation and growth mechanism of anodization of Ti and Al has been widely concerned for two decades, but the research on anodic ZrO₂ is relatively lacking. In this paper, anodic TiO₂ and ZrO₂ nanotubes were prepared in glycerol electrolyte containing 0.35 M NH₄F and 4 vol% H₂O under different anodizing voltages. We had successfully prepared the anodic ZrO₂ nanotubes (AZNTs) with a complete top and a “bulb” at the bottom under 60 V, and with the increase of the applied anodizing voltage, the “bulb” cavity also increased. However, under the same anodizing conditions, the surface of anodic TiO₂ nanotubes (ATNTs) is a cluster of nano-tip morphology, and the bottom of the ATNTs is a conventional hemisphere shape. In addition, both AZNTs and porous anodic zirconia (PAZ) were found to coexist in the anodic ZrO₂ layer prepared at 60 V. Here, we used the oxygen bubble model and ionic current and electronic current theories to analyze the reason of the special morphology. It is confirmed that the porous anodic oxides are actually evolved from nanotubes. In other words, the structure is essentially the same.     

Taylor Bubble Study of the Influence of Fluid Dynamics on Yield and Selectivity in Fast Gas-Liquid Reactions

A consecutive competitive gas-liquid reaction is investigated using a Taylor bubble setup regarding the influence of fluid mixing in the bubble wake on yield and selectivity. The concentration fields behind a Taylor bubble are visualized and measured quantitatively with a novel time-resolved absorption imaging technique based on Beer Lamberts law and an integral selectivity is derived. In addition, the calculation of the local selectivity, often used in numerical approaches, is discussed and the existing experimental limits for its derivation are pointed out. Finally, an increase in selectivity of a competitive consecutive reaction for enhanced mixing is experimentally confirmed.     

Hydrodynamics study of a fast liquid–liquid oxidation process with in situ gas production in microreactors

Hydrodynamics characteristics of a fast and highly exothermic liquid–liquid oxidation process with in situ gas production in microreactors were studied using a newly developed experimental method. In the adipic acid synthesis through the K/A oil (the mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone) oxidation with nitric acid, bubble generation modes were divided into four categories. The gas production became more intensive, unstable, even explosive with increasing the oil phase feed rate and the temperature. A novel automatic image processing method was developed to monitor the instantaneous velocity online by tracking the gas–liquid interface. The axial velocity at the same location was unstable due to the changing gas production rate. Furthermore, the actual residence time was obtained easily with being only 36% of the space–time minimally, beneficial for establishing accurate kinetics and mass transfer models with time participation. Finally, an empirical correlation was developed to predict the actual residence time under different conditions.     

上升气泡内气溶胶沉降机理研究

气溶胶池洗过滤是反应堆严重事故中去除放射性源项的重要手段。本文以严重事故条件下上升气泡中气溶胶的滞留过程为背景，设计搭建了可视化单气泡鼓泡实验装置。通过该装置研究了气溶胶在上升气泡中的沉降效率，并与MELCOR中的气溶胶沉降模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明，气溶胶沉降效率对气泡尺寸的变化较为敏感，当气体流量大于0.1 L/min时，气泡等效直径迅速增加，相应的气溶胶沉降效率快速降低；与MELCOR模型计算结果的对比表明，两者在总体趋势上呈现出较好的一致性，但计算结果低估了液相对气溶胶的实际去除能力，导致这种偏差的主要原因是气泡在上升过程中存在无规则的晃动以及气液界面的波动。     

低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间研究

为表征低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间矿化过程的差异,通过Sutherland理论下固体颗粒进入泡沫产品的总概率(E)和浮选速率常数(k)之间关系,并结合低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡的浮选速率试验,求得了低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间。浮选实验研究表明,在相同的捕收剂消耗量下低阶煤-油泡浮选产率均高于低阶煤-气泡浮选产率。诱导时间测试表明,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间(35 ms)要明显低于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间(93 ms)。上述实验结果表明,油泡表面的疏水性要强于传统浮选气泡表面的疏水性。然而,进一步利用Sutherland理论中固体颗粒进入泡沫产品的总概率和浮选速率常数之间的数学关系,并结合低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡的浮选速率试验求得的低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间分别为9.67和8.46 ms,其与诱导时间测试仪分别测量的诱导时间差异很大。这主要是由于在实际浮选过程中气/油泡的上升速度分别为23.26和22.68 cm/s,其远高于2015EZ型诱导时间仪测试过程中气/油泡碰撞速度(2.0 cm/s)。因此,诱导时间理论计算表明气泡-颗粒间的碰撞速度对颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间影响很大。上述研究结果表明油泡浮选效果优于传统浮选的内在原因在于低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间小于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间。     

微纳米气泡在棉织物碱退浆工艺中的适用性

研究了微纳米气泡对棉织物碱退浆的作用,分析了不同碱用量条件下,微纳米气泡作用时间、加工温度等对碱退浆效果的影响,优化了处理工艺。结果表明,微纳米气泡对棉织物碱退浆促进作用明显,在微纳米气泡条件下碱退浆的优化工艺为:碱液用量2 g/L,时间40 min,温度80℃。     

含不凝性气体蒸汽浸没射流冷凝压力振荡实验研究

实验研究了不凝性气体（空气）含量、水温和蒸汽质量流速对蒸汽浸没射流冷凝压力振荡特性的影响，实验工况横跨冷凝振荡（CO）区和稳定冷凝（SC）区。结果表明：对于纯蒸汽射流，压力振荡主频随水温的升高而降低，振荡强度随水温的升高而升高；在CO区，振荡主频和振荡强度均随蒸汽质量流速的升高而升高；在SC区，振荡主频随蒸汽质量流速的升高而降低，振荡强度基本上不随蒸汽质量流速的变化而发生改变；对于含空气射流，随空气质量分数的增加，振荡主频总体呈下降趋势，振荡强度先迅速下降后小幅上升，在空气质量分数为0.05～0.1区域内振荡主频和振荡强度均存在极小值。     

Astrocyte Ca2+ Waves and Subsequent Non-Synchronized Ca2+ Oscillations Coincide with Arteriole Diameter Changes in Response to Spreading Depolarization

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of mass depolarization that causes profound perfusion changes in acute cerebrovascular diseases. Although the astrocyte response is secondary to the neuronal depolarization with SD, it remains to be explored how glial activity is altered after the passage of SD. Here, we describe post-SD high frequency astrocyte Ca²⁺ oscillations in the mouse somatosensory cortex. The intracellular Ca²⁺ changes of SR101 labeled astrocytes and the SD-related arteriole diameter variations were simultaneously visualized by multiphoton microscopy in anesthetized mice. Post-SD astrocyte Ca²⁺ oscillations were identified as Ca²⁺ events non-synchronized among astrocytes in the field of view. Ca²⁺ oscillations occurred minutes after the Ca²⁺ wave of SD. Furthermore, fewer astrocytes were involved in Ca²⁺ oscillations at a given time, compared to Ca²⁺ waves, engaging all astrocytes in the field of view simultaneously. Finally, our data confirm that astrocyte Ca²⁺ waves coincide with arteriolar constriction, while post-SD Ca²⁺ oscillations occur with the peak of the SD-related vasodilation. This is the first in vivo study to present the post-SD astrocyte Ca²⁺ oscillations. Our results provide novel insight into the spatio-temporal correlation between glial reactivity and cerebral arteriole diameter changes behind the SD wavefront.     

Electric characteristic and cavitation bubble dynamics using underwater pulsed discharge

Underwater pulsed discharge is widely applied in medicine, machining, and material modification. The induced cavitation bubble and subsequent cavitation collapse are considered the major motivations behind these applications. This paper presents an underwater pulsed discharge system. The experimental setup is established to induce and investigate the cavitation bubble assisted with a high-speed camera. Three aspects, including the characteristic of the discharge with different applied voltages and conductivities, the evolution of the cavitation bubble profile, and the energy efficiency of cavitation bubble inducing, are investigated, respectively. Especially, the mechanism of pre-discharge time delay in the low field intensity case is explained using the Joule heat effect. The results show the validity of the underwater pulsed discharger and experimental setup. The present underwater pulsed discharger is proved to be a simple, portable, and easy-to-implement device for the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics.