蓄滞洪区管理案例研究

针对我国蓄滞洪区存在的防洪、人口和发展等问题,通过对社会经济发展趋势、城市化进程以及相关政策的分析,提出了蓄滞洪区未来管理的几种模式,即湿地修复型,规模经营型和转化为一般防洪区。介绍了美国密西西比河蓄滞洪区,日本渡良濑蓄洪区,淮河董峰湖蓄洪区和海河大黄铺洼蓄洪区等几种不同类型的蓄滞洪区管理案例,以期辅助蓄滞洪区宏观管理决策。  

应对突发性水源污染的城市应急供水的进展与展望

城市应急供水工作是近年来供水行业面临的新任务、新挑战。对近年来环境污染事故频发的情况和原因进行了梳理,简要介绍了国内在应急供水方面开展的主要研究课题,重点总结了国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(以下简称水专项)自来水厂应急处理课题的研究进展和主要研究成果。最后,提出了加强应急供水的总体战略和下一步研究方向。  

A Stochastic Non-linear Programming Model for a Multi-period Water Resource Allocation with Multiple Objectives

A rapid increase in demand and severe droughts in recent years has increased the pressure on water supplies throughout most parts of Australia. This has resulted in the need for tools to allocate limited water across users in different regions, and explore scenarios so as to achieve economic, social and environmental benefits. A major challenge in water resource allocation is dealing with the uncertainty in the system, particularly with respect to reservoir inflow. Stochastic non-linear programming is applied to water resource allocation to accommodate this uncertainty across the time periods of the planning horizon. A large range of solutions is produced representing the distributions of uncertainty in reservoir inflow. These solutions are used in a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the trade-off in amounts of water allocated versus risk of not achieving minimal reservoir levels. The methodology is applied to a case study in South East Queensland in Australia, a region which is currently facing a severe water shortage over the next 3 years. A new water supply initiative that the Queensland State Government is considering to overcome the water crisis is assessed using the methodology.  

基于R-ET融合的黄河流域水资源管理和调控案例研究

针对目前黄河流域存在的实际引黄耗水总量超过年度分水指标、地下水超采等问题，分析其原因在于水资源管理主要侧重于供水管理，调控的是取水量，忽视了水资源在使用过程中的循环转化与消耗，因此提出基于R-ET（Runoff-Evapotranspiration/径流-土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量）融合的新型水资源管理模式，以“耗水”管理替代“取水”管理，控制区域ET从而实现真实节水。以黄河流域兰州至头道拐区间为研究实例，通过分析各分项ET（Evapotranspiration/土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量）调控的可行性，提出了4种节水方案，可使引黄水量从无节水的98.6亿m3减少至42.96亿m3，从而达到了降低该区域实际耗水量的目的。该管理模式有利于完善黄河流域的水资源管理体系，为黄河的健康可持续发展奠定基础。  

供水管网区域漏损率实证研究

通过对城市供水管网的分析,论述了用现代技术手段提高供水管网管理水平的必要性及重要性,引出对区域供水管网漏损率的研究内容。介绍了在特定区域进行的供水管网漏损实证研究,并通过对所获得试验数据的分析,得出区域供水管网漏损资料,据此对管网漏损状况进行了评价。  

拉西瓦水电站地下硐室岩爆现象典型实例分析

岩爆是地应力较高地区普遍发生的一种岩体失稳现象，拉西瓦工程位于中高地应力地区，隧洞开挖过程中发生了大量的岩爆现象，从量级来看，多属轻微岩爆，局部段为中等岩爆，对隧洞稳定及安全产生一定影响，采取了有效的防范处理措施。  

我国生态补偿分类及实施案例分析

依据我国生态补偿实施地的空间地域特征及实际开展情况，将我国生态补偿分为自然保护区生态补偿、重要生态功能区生态补偿、流域水资源生态补偿、大气环境保护生态补偿、矿产资源开发区生态补偿、农业生产区生态补偿以及旅游风景开发区生态补偿共7类。通过分析我国已实施及在实施的113例生态补偿案例，对不同生态补偿类型的发展现状进行了归纳总结，认为我国各类生态补偿实施力度差异较大，各类生态补偿的区域分布对比明显，生态补偿的市场手段远未发展成熟，政府引导市场的模式仍是目前的主导方式。建议全面推进我国各类生态补偿工作，国家提供强有力的政策支持和稳定的资金来源，促进生态环境保护与开发的协调发展；探索完善市场补偿手段，积极推进各类生态补偿领域内的市场交易。  

海工水泥对提高混凝土工程抗侵蚀能力的实践研究

为了解决海洋环境中大体积水利工程混凝土的抗侵蚀能力和现场配制海工混凝土的质量控制问题,提出了直接使用海工水泥来简化现场混凝土拌制,并通过工程的施工实例以室内试验和现场检测数据进行分析,研究了海工水泥混凝土的耐久性能。结果表明:海工水泥混凝土拌制简单、具有很高的抗氯离子渗透能力,能满足海洋环境水利工程混凝土结构的耐久性、强度及其他工作性能要求。实例数据与分析对进一步开展相关研究和海工水泥的应用具有重要的参考价值。  

全日制村镇供水管网经济流速的计算

村镇供水管网设计是一项系统工程,选择合理的经济流速对于降低管网的总费用与运行费用是非常必要的。考虑资金的时间价值,结合山东省某村镇的农村供水工程实例,得出了适合该村镇供水管网设计的经济流速。该方法可为全日制村镇供水工程设计提供参考。  

Knowledge and Perceptions in Participatory Policy Processes: Lessons from the Delta-Region in the Netherlands

Water resources management issues tend to affect a variety of uses and users. Therefore, they often exhibit complex and unstructured problems. The complex, unstructured nature of these problems originates from uncertain knowledge and from the existence of divergent perceptions among various actors. Consequently, dealing with these problems is not just a knowledge problem; it is a problem of ambiguity too. This paper focuses on a complex, unstructured water resources management issue, the sustainable development—for ecology, economy and society—of the Delta-region of the Netherlands. In several areas in this region the ecological quality decreased due to hydraulic constructions for storm water safety, the Delta Works. To improve the ecological quality, the Dutch government regards the re-establishment of estuarine dynamics in the area as the most important solution. However, re-establishment of estuarine dynamics will affect other uses and other users. Among the affected users are farmers in the surrounding areas, who use freshwater from a lake for agricultural purposes. This problem has been addressed in a participatory decision-making process, which is used as a case study in this paper. We investigate how the dynamics in actors’ perceptions and the knowledge base contribute to the development of agreed upon and valid knowledge about the problem–solution combination, using our conceptual framework for problem structuring. We found that different knowledge sources—expert and practical knowledge—should be integrated to create a context-specific knowledge base, which is scientifically valid and socially robust. Furthermore, we conclude that for the convergence of actors’ perceptions, it is essential that actors learn about the content of the process (cognitive learning) and about the network in which they are involved (strategic learning). Our findings form a plea for practitioners in water resources management to adopt a problem structuring approach in order to deal explicitly with uncertainty and ambiguity.