Effects of Different Short-Term UV-B Radiation Intensities on Metabolic Characteristics of Porphyra haitanensis

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B on algae, have become an important issue as human-caused depletion of the protecting ozone layer has been reported. In this study, the effects of different short-term UV-B radiation on the growth, physiology, and metabolism of Porphyra haitanensis were examined. The growth of P. haitanensis decreased, and the bleaching phenomenon occurred in the thalli. The contents of total amino acids, soluble sugar, total protein, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) increased under different UV-B radiation intensities. The metabolic profiles of P. haitanensis differed between the control and UV-B radiation-treated groups. Most of the differential metabolites in P. haitanensis were significantly upregulated under UV-B exposure. Short-term enhanced UV-B irradiation significantly affected amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. The contents of phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, and serine were increased, suggesting that amino acid metabolism can promote the synthesis of UV-absorbing substances (such as phenols and MAAs) by providing precursor substances. The contents of sucrose, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate were increased, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism contributes to maintain energy supply for metabolic activity in response to UV-B exposure. Meanwhile, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) was also significantly upregulated, denoting effective activation of the antioxidant system. To some extent, these results provide metabolic insights into the adaptive response mechanism of P. haitanensis to short-term enhanced UV-B radiation.     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移色谱分析不同贮藏方式对洋葱浆馕风味的影响

采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry，GC-IMS）对洋葱浆馕6 种不同贮藏条件下挥发性物质进行分析，包括低温贮藏、室温贮藏、真空贮藏、脱氧贮藏、保鲜剂贮藏和保鲜剂结合脱氧贮藏。研究表明：在洋葱浆馕中共鉴定出66 种挥发性风味物质，其中包括醇类9 种、酮类4 种、醛类18 种、酯类4 种、呋喃衍生物3 种，酸类1 种和未能识别的化合物27 种。随着贮藏时间的延长，低温贮藏和真空贮藏洋葱浆馕在贮藏期内醛类挥发性有机物基本不变，其他处理组的醛类挥发性有机物在贮藏期内变化呈降低的趋势。结合主成分分析和欧氏距离可以发现低温贮藏和其他贮藏方式的第0天挥发性物质种类和浓度较为接近，主成分分析图中点的位置也相聚在一起，说明低温贮藏馕的挥发性物质变化不明显。该研究建立不同贮藏方式洋葱浆馕挥发性气味指纹图谱，可视化出洋葱浆馕挥发性成分轮廓，为洋葱浆馕贮藏期间风味变化规律提供信息。     

武汉市一般人群血清中全氟及多氟烷基化合物浓度及其影响因素研究

目的 了解武汉市一般人群血清中全氟及多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)浓度,探索血清中PFASs浓度水平的影响因素。方法 以在武汉市某医院进行一般体检的人群为研究对象(n=67),通过超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-TQ/MS)联用仪测定外周血清中12种PFASs浓度,采用多元线性回归分析方法分析一般人口学特征和血清中PFASs浓度的关联性。结果 武汉市一般人群血清中12种PFASs的平均浓度水平为11.60 ng/mL。全氟辛烷磺酸及其盐类(PFOS)和全氟辛酸及其盐类(PFOA)的贡献率较大,分别为45.03%和31.86%。男性人群血清中PFOS、PFOA、全氟己基磺酸(PFHxS)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)等主要化合物的浓度高于女性,其β值(95%可信区间)分别为0.708(0.313,1.104)、0.518(0.069,0.967)、0.724(0.388,1.059)和0.684(0.399,0.968)。同时,发现血清中PFOS、PFHxS、PFNA浓度和年龄呈正相关,其β值(95%可信区间)分别为0.062(0.042,0.081)、0.035(0.019,0.052)和0.030(0.016,0.045)。结论 性别和年龄对血清中PFASs浓度有影响,在进行人体PFASs暴露评估中应考虑这些因素。     

Metaproteomic analysis of enzymatic composition in Baobaoqu fermentation starter for Wuliangye baijiu

Wuliangye is one of the most famous brands of baijiu in China. The typical flavours of Wuliangye baijiu are mainly formed by the multifarious enzymes in fermentation starter (Baobaoqu, BBQ). As the enzymes remained poorly understood, the detailed enzymatic composition of BBQ was analysed by metaproteomics for the first time. It is worth noting that the enzymes from plant, animals and micro-organisms were detected together and oxidoreductases were the dominant enzymes. Next, the analysis of function showed that the enzymes were mainly involved in carbon metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acids. Additionally, the relationship between differential abundant enzymes and formation of typical flavour substances in premium and normal BBQ was established. Furthermore, the activities of classic enzymes in BBQ were examined to verify the reliability of metaproteomic results. This study will provide clues to further improve the manufacturing technology for Wuliangye baijiu.     

Development of an innovative apparatus using UV‐C for controlling the number of microorganisms in raw milk after milking

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of UV‐C irradiation on the reduction of microorganisms in raw milk. The experiments were carried out by varying the flow rates of 2, 4 and 7 L/min with 39W and 48W UV‐C. The number of microorganisms was reduced by 4.70 (39W) and 4.60 log₁₀ CFU/mL (48W) at 120 min. With the residence time of 4.95 s and the UV‐C doses of 98 and 109.9 mJ/cm² at 253.74 nm, the reduction of microorganism was clearly observed with no significant influence of different UV‐C power settings on the oxidation of milk fat.     

酵子馒头与酵母馒头挥发性组分与香气特征分析

利用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)和顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)收集酵子馒头(JSB)与酵母馒头(YSB)的挥发性物质,并结合气-质谱联用(GC/MS)和气相嗅闻(GC-O)技术,对其挥发性物质和香气特征进行分析。结果显示,SDE吸收液适合分馏和浓缩。HS-SPME最佳条件为吸附温度55℃,吸附时间30 min,解吸时间6 min。GC/MS分析发现,两种馒头共有组分23种,主要组分是乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正己醇、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-正戊基呋喃、萘、苯甲醛、戊基苯、壬醛、香叶基丙酮,共有组分在JSB中相对含量较高(>60%),在YSB中含量较低(<50%),其中JSB中乙醇的相对含量最高(63%)。JSB中酸类、含苯环类、杂环类化合物的相对含量高于YSB,表现出醇香、果香和坚果香味。而YSB中烯烃类、醛类、酯类、酮类化合物高于JSB,其香气不如JSB浓郁。JSB与YSB的挥发性物质种类和相对含量差异明显,导致两者表现出不同的香气特征。     

罗布麻抑菌物质及其作用机制的研究进展

为阐明罗布麻抑菌功能的物质基础,促进罗布麻纤维在医疗保健用纺织品领域的开发和应用,综述了罗布麻韧皮和精干麻纤维中存在的主要抑菌物质,包括:黄酮类化合物、鞣质、甾体及其苷类、香豆素类化合物、酚酸类和苯甲醛类化合物、脂肪酸以及挥发油。分析了各类抑菌物质的化学成分和抑菌活性,并着重从抑制核酸合成、破坏细胞膜、抑制能量代谢、影响脂肪酸合成、抑制运动性、阻断电子传递链、抑制酶活性、减弱营养物质的吸收以及通过过氧化和自氧化形成具有毒性的降解产物等方面介绍了抑菌作用机制。最后针对精干麻纤维抑菌物质的来源问题,指出韧皮中功能性成分在脱胶过程中的演化行为应成为未来研究的一个重要方向。     

腊八豆挥发性风味物质的研究

采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)和顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)两种方法提取4种不同品牌腊八豆中的挥发性风味物质,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用对挥发性活性成分进行鉴定。结果显示:共鉴定出115种挥发性物质,包括醇类12种,醛类15种,酮类6种,醚类7种,酚类5种,酸类4种,酯类17种,烷烃类40种,含硫类4种和杂环类5种,其中SDE法和HS-SPME法分别鉴定出98种和73种。4种腊八豆样品中,JC样品、LMZ样品、TYGS样品、TDJ样品分别鉴定出73种、66种、77种和77种挥发性物质。其中主要的挥发性风味物质包括1-辛烯-3-醇、芳樟醇、2-茨醇、α-松油醇、苯乙醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、橙花醛、甲基庚烯酮、烯丙基甲基二硫醚、乙基麦芽酚、丁香酚、棕榈酸乙酯、蒎烯、莰烯、桧烯和α-姜黄烯等。同时发现两种提取方法检测出的结果差异很大,4种腊八豆样品的挥发性风味物质也有一定的差异。     

复热处理的鲈鱼挥发性成分分析

采用电子鼻和SPME-GC-MS联用技术对复热处理的鲈鱼挥发性成分及含量进行测定。结果表明:冷藏过程中,鲈鱼醛类含量呈现先降低后升高的趋势。与冷藏处理相比,复热处理在13 h后壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇的总峰面积为29.98×10^7,增加了8.8×10^7,说明复热处理加速了鱼肉脂肪氧化,使得腥味增强。电子鼻可以较好地区分出冷藏3 h、8 h、13 h、18 h后鲈鱼肉气味的差别。DFA分析显示冷藏和复热处理均表现出3 h、8 h气味较为接近,13 h、18 h气味较为接近。主成分分析表明,较于冷藏处理,复热处理的鲈鱼随着处理时间的延长,使得鱼肉腥味加重,其中壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇的特征向量分别为0.810、0.621,成为主要表现腥味的挥发性物质,并且这两种物质是冷藏13 h、18 h复热时鲈鱼的主要挥发性物质。     

绵柔型芝麻香白酒工艺及风味物质的研究

芝麻香型白酒的酿造工艺将现代生物技术与传统工艺相结合,在吸收了浓香型、清香型、酱香型白酒酿造精髓的基础上独创了新的酒体风格特点,该香型白酒香气幽雅、酒体丰满、风格独特。近年来,随着消费趋势的转变,绵柔型酒体受到市场的普遍青睐。本文以乾隆江南绵柔芝麻香型白酒为研究对象,探索了绵柔型芝麻香独特的风味物质体系,分析了其形成的工艺基础,构建了绵柔型芝麻香白酒的酿造理论。