地表径流速度对城市内涝影响规律

为分析地表径流速度对城市内涝的影响,采用一维地下排水管网与二维城区地形的动态耦合模型,选取大连市某排水区块作为研究区域,设置4种地表径流速度10种设计降雨场景,模拟分析在不同重现期设计降雨及不同地表径流速度下研究区的内涝积水特性。结果表明:随着地表径流速度降低,管道排水压力变小,管道排水达标率最高可提升48.05%,且降雨重现期越短,地表径流流速对管道排水压力的削减效果越明显;地表径流流速对检查井溢流量影响显著,随着地表径流速度降低,检查井溢流量峰值最高可减小2 750 m~3,峰现时间最长可滞后56 min,同时随着降雨重现期增长,地表径流流速对检查井溢流量的削减效果减弱;研究区低、高风险区淹没面积随地表径流速度降低,最高可分别减小1.64万、8.37万m~2,但中风险区淹没面积变化反复。     

Laboratory Studies to Determine Suitable Chemicals to Improve Oil Recovery from Garzan Oil Field

Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated.     

一维—二维耦合的水库下游地区洪水演进数学模型及应用

针对水库下游地区河道洪水与漫堤洪水模拟需求,建立了一维—二维耦合的洪水演进数学模型。一维模型采用Pressimann格式离散求解,二维模型采用能够适应复杂几何形状和多种流态的Osher格式求解,一维—二维连接处采用堰流公式实现水流交互。应用该模型模拟白溪流域2015年"苏迪罗"台风实际洪水,可得到洪水在计算区域的演进过程和淹没情况。对比模拟结果与实际情况可知,该模型计算合理、准确,计算结果可为防汛部门防洪预案制定、防汛调度决策提供技术支撑。     

非平稳条件下基于贝叶斯网络的内涝风险评估和管理方法

受非平稳条件因素(如气候变化、城市化)的影响,近几年内涝灾害频发。以Z市某地块为研究区域,借助地理信息系统(ArcGIS)和暴雨雨洪管理模型(SWMM)实现研究区排水管网的水动力模拟。在不同降雨情境下,比较分析现状系统及不同改造方案下的系统溢流量等信息,计算内涝风险指数。采用贝叶斯网络分析工具(Bayes Server)对引发内涝风险的主要因素进行推理、识别和分析,进而构建内涝风险评估模型。该模型便于决策者根据设计需求,结合各因素的不确定性范围和发生概率值,综合选取最适合的改造措施,优化市政排水防涝规划,为市政基础设施建设提供了依据。     

玉石水库影响下的碧流河水库洪水预报方法

流域内水利工程的建立可能会改变原有的产汇流机制,以碧流河水库为例,结合日模型和日供水,利用水量平衡估算水利工程的拦蓄作用,提出一种产流模型计算改进方法;并结合降雨、蒸发、前期土壤含水率、遥感等资料验证模型预报结果的合理性。模型计算结果表明,改进后的模型能有效提高碧流河水库的洪水预报精度,对该水库的防洪调度具有重要意义。     

基于改进遗传算法的水库群防洪优化调度

为解决标准遗传算法(SGA)在处理高维复杂问题中寻优能力不足、计算时间过长、易早熟的问题,首先改进映射规则,仅选择部分决策变量进行编码,采取新的映射规则将其解码映射至解空间,实现高维问题的降维;其次使用针对不同约束条件的自适应罚函数对算法收敛性进行改进;最后以北方某流域并联水库防洪调度为例,建立防洪优化调度模型,并运用改进遗传算法进行求解。结果表明,该方法在解决高维复杂水库群防洪优化调度问题时具有求解速度快、寻优结果好的优点,有一定的实用性。     

Cross-sector collaboration within Dutch flood risk governance: historical analysis of external triggers

ABSTRACT

This article synthesizes the literature on Dutch flood risk governance to analyze how external conditions shaped past and present dynamics of cross-sector collaboration for integrated flood risk management in the Netherlands. It traces the extent to which policy and legal frameworks, socio-economic circumstances, political realities, power relations and conflict situations have influenced attempts at collaboration between flood safety, spatial planning, environmental protection and other sectors. Despite the growing interdependences, existing power relations between the sectors are characterized by the dominance of the water sector. Hence, cross-sector collaboration can develop as long as it does not compromise flood safety.     

重庆市巫山县公路洪灾多尺度孕灾环境评价

为分析重庆市巫山县公路洪灾孕灾程度,构建由地形起伏度、微地貌类型、夏半年降雨量、河网密度和植被覆盖度等5个因子组成的山区公路洪灾孕灾环境指标体系,利用ArcGIS和ENVI软件,获取各指标因子30m分辨率基础数据;利用层次分析法得到各指标权重值并对各指标进行分级量化,从像元尺度、行政村尺度及公路路段尺度分别得到研究区公路洪灾孕灾环境程度分布情况。结果表明,从像元尺度来看,巫山县公路洪灾孕灾程度中易发区和高易发区所占比例为45.93%;从行政村尺度来看,研究区公路洪灾孕灾程度以低易发区和中易发区为主,两者所占比例分别为30.53%、27.73%;从公路路段尺度来看,研究区公路洪灾孕灾程度以低易发和中易发区为主,所占比例分别为39.16%、31.25%。研究成果可为公路洪灾防治提供参考。