黑根霉Q3Y在旱胁迫效应下的菌丝生长特性及糖化产物

选取产糖化酶较强和糖化能力较高的黑根霉（Rhizopus nigricans）Q3Y进行菌丝体的抗旱逆境液态发酵培养，分析了菌株Q3Y菌丝生长状况及菌丝对糯米的利用。结果表明，在土豆汁培养基中添加0.50%的琼脂，使其黏度达到500 mPa·s，黑根霉菌Q3Y在该培养基中菌丝生长状态良好，细胞分散均匀；在料水比为6∶10（g∶mL），含水量为62.5%糯米培养液中，黑根霉菌株Q3Y菌丝体能得到更好的生长，培养72 h还原糖、可溶性总糖及糖化酶酶活分别达到26 g/100mL、32 g/100mL、23.0 U/mL。     

扩底桩的抗拔承载力试验及计算

通过对干旱地区黄土中扩底桩的抗拔试验 ,测试了扩底桩在上拔荷载、水平荷载作用下的上拔位移和水平位移以及位移与荷载的关系。研究了极限上拔承载力和抗拔桩的破坏机理。在相同条件下 ,增加扩大端的高度对提高桩的极限上拔承载力是有效的 ,破坏机理为土的减压软化和损伤软化的渐进性破坏。提出了极限上拔承载力的理论计算模式 ,并与实测资料进行了对比 ,理论计算结果与实测值是吻合的     

Response of Different Genotypes of Faba Bean Plant to Drought Stress

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that are a threat to crop production worldwide. Drought stress impairs the plants growth and yield. Therefore, the aim of the present experiment was to select the tolerant genotype/s on the basis of moprpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of 10 Vicia faba genotypes (Zafar 1, Zafar 2, Shebam, Makamora, Espan, Giza Blanka, Giza 3, C4, C5 and G853) under drought stress. We studied the effect of different levels of drought stress i.e., (i) normal irrigation (ii) mild stress (iii) moderate stress, and (iv) severe stress on plant height (PH) plant⁻¹, fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) plant⁻¹, area leaf⁻¹, leaf relative water content (RWC), proline (Pro) content, total chlorophyll (Total Chl) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, and activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of genotypes of faba bean. Drought stress reduced all growth parameters and Total Chl content of all genotypes. However, the deteriorating effect of drought stress on the growth performance of genotypes “C5” and “Zafar 1” were relatively low due to its better antioxidant enzymes activities (CAT, POD and SOD), and accumulation of Pro and Total Chl, and leaf RWC. In the study, genotype “C5” and “Zafar 1” were found to be relatively tolerant to drought stress and genotypes “G853” and “C4” were sensitive to drought stress.     

Productivity of lactating dairy cows fed diets with teff hay as the sole forage

Groundwater depletion is one of the most pressing issues facing the dairy industry in arid regions. One strategy to improve the industry's drought resilience involves feeding drought-tolerant forage crops in place of traditional forage crops such as alfalfa and corn silage. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity of lactating dairy cows fed diets with teff hay (Eragrostis tef) as the sole forage. Teff is a warm-season annual grass native to Ethiopia that is well adapted to drought conditions. Nine multiparous Holstein cows (185 ± 31 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 18-d periods (14 d acclimation and 4 d sampling). Diets were either control, where dietary forage consisted of a combination of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and native grass hay, or 1 of 2 teff diets (teff-A and teff-B), where teff hay [13.97 ± 0.32% crude protein, dry matter (DM) basis] was the sole forage. All 3 diets were formulated for similar DM, crude protein, and nonfiber carbohydrate concentrations. Control and teff-A were matched for concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from forage (18.2 ± 0.15% of DM), and teff-B included slightly less, providing 16.6% NDF from forage. Dry matter intake, milk and component production, body weight, body condition score, as well as DM and NDF digestibility were monitored and assessed using mixed model analysis, with significance declared at P < 0.05. Treatment had no effect on dry matter intake (28.1 ± 0.75 kg/d). Similarly, treatment had no effect on milk production (40.7 ± 1.8 kg/d). Concentrations of milk fat (3.90 ± 0.16%) and lactose (4.68 ± 0.07%) were also unaffected by treatment. Teff-A and teff-B increased milk protein concentration compared with the control (3.07 vs. 3.16 ± 0.09%). Treatment had no effect on energy-corrected milk yield (43.4 ± 1.3 kg/d), body weight, or body condition score change. Additionally, treatment had no effect on total-tract DM or NDF digestibility. Results from this study indicate that teff hay has potential to replace alfalfa and corn silage in the diets of lactating dairy cattle without loss of productivity.     

The Dune Lakes in central coastal California: Why are they dry?

The Dune Lakes comprise 10 natural lakes in the Callender Dunes in central coastal California, USA. These lakes are wetlands in an arid environment, being important habitat for native wildlife and plants, including three occurrences of the federally endangered/State threatened wetland plant, La Graciosa thistle (Cirsium scariosum var. loncholepis; Asteraceae). This plant is known from 21 occurrences, of which only five are extant in 2019. One extant occurrence persists at the lakes and where two other occurrences are likely extirpated. Nine lakes have recently dried, one having been dry for 5 years (2012–2017). Understanding the hydrology of the Dune Lakes is essential for conservation planning and to help prevent extinction of La Graciosa thistle. The best available information points to a combination of two primary causes for drying of the lakes. The first is extensive groundwater extraction beneath Nipomo Mesa to the east. The second is severe drought. The competing demands for water and continued development on the mesa will be obstacles to restoration of the lakes and to recovery of the endangered plant.     

长江流域上游干旱特征分析

为分析长江流域上游干旱特征,利用1961年1月至2012年12月长江上游共69个气象站的气象数据资料,以帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)为主要指标对长江上游流域的干旱强度、干旱持续时间、干旱频率等干旱特征进行比较分析。结果表明,长江上游区域PDSI的月际变化较大,旱涝期交替出现,同时年代干旱最强值呈现先减弱后增强的趋势,并在2006年达到干旱强度最强值;干旱持续时间较长的干旱事件主要发生在1960、1970年代,平均干旱持续月数为4.2个月;上游干旱频率主要以初始干旱为主,其中年际干旱集中在1960年代末期至1970年代初期和2000年代后期两个阶段,季节干旱主要发生在冬季。研究成果可为长江流域上游的干旱治理提供参考。