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1.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(5):4171-4188
Based on modeling studies, a 1-yr calving interval for dairy cows is generally considered optimal from an economic point of view. Recently some dairy farmers are deliberately extending the voluntary waiting period for insemination (VWP) to extend the calving interval. Reasons to extend the VWP are to reduce the frequency of transitions such as dry-off and calving to improve health, to reduce labor associated with these transitions, and to reduce the number of surplus calves. This study aimed to evaluate yearly revenues, yearly costs, and yearly net partial cash flow (NPCF) for individual cows with a VWP of 50, 125, or 200 d based on data from a randomized control trial. The NPCF included revenues and costs for milk yield, calves born, inseminations, concentrate supply, partial mixed ration (PMR) supply, veterinary treatments, discarded milk due to veterinary treatments, culling, and labor (for milking, calving cows, inseminations, and veterinary treatments). Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 153) within one herd were blocked for parity, calving season, and expected (primiparous cows) or previous (multiparous cows) 305-d milk yield. Cows were randomly assigned within the blocks to 1 of 3 VWP (VWP50, VWP125, or VWP200) in wk 6 after calving, and monitored from wk 6 after calving until wk 6 after the next calving or until culling. Revenues and costs were calculated per individual cow and expressed per cow per year. Revenues from milk and costs for PMR and concentrate contributed most to the yearly NPCF. Total yearly revenues were greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€3,169 vs. €2,832), mainly because of €334 greater milk revenues. Total yearly costs were also greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€1,964 vs. €1,729), mainly because of €102 greater concentrate costs. The VWP was not significantly associated with the NPCF per cow per year. A change in milk, feed, or calf price, or a change in labor costs for calving cows or for inseminations had a greater effect on the yearly NPCF of cows in VWP50 compared with cows in VWP200. To investigate variation in NPCF, cows were grouped for yearly NPCF and categorized into 3 economic classes (EC): EC1 (<€1,100/yr), EC2 (€1,100–€1,400/yr), and EC3 (>€1,400/yr). Cows in EC3 had greatest lactation production per day in the experiment (i.e., kg of milk, protein, fat, lactose), and lowest number of veterinary treatments during the experiment.  相似文献   
2.
基于水资源生态足迹模型,结合水资源生态承载力和生态盈亏指数,讨论了辽宁省人均水资源生态足迹的时空特征,并采用 LMDI模型对辽宁省2010—2019年水资源生态足迹变化的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:①辽宁省人均水资源生态足迹在时间变化上较稳定,各用水账户占比大小依次为农业、工业、生活和生态环境用水;在空间分布上呈现出较大差异,仅丹东市、铁岭市、鞍山市、本溪市和葫芦岛市为生态盈余状态,其他行政区均出现不同程度的生态赤字,盘锦市最为严重,水资源生态状况也较差;②在辽宁省及各行政区人均水资源生态足迹的构成上,除本溪市为工业用水占比最高以外,辽宁省与其他各市都以农业用水为主,其次为工业用水,生活用水和生态环境用水占比较低但均有小幅提升;③通过因素分解得出经济因素是推进水资源生态足迹增长的主导因素,结构因素和人口因素对生态足迹变化的影响比较小,技术因素有效抑制了水资源生态足迹的快速增长。  相似文献   
3.
基于GLDAS-Noah水文模型,模拟长江流域蓝绿水资源量,并揭示其时空变化特征。结果表明:2000—2019年长江流域多年平均蓝水资源和绿水资源分别为420.24 mm和686.95 mm,绿水资源约是蓝水资源的1.62倍。近20 a来长江流域蓝水资源、绿水资源和绿水系数呈不显著增加趋势,2000—2019年蓝水资源与绿水资源变化速率分别为3.26 mm/a 和2.27 mm/a。从年内分配上看,蓝绿水资源在7—8月份较多,占全年的29%~32%;在1 —2月份较少,占全年的5%~6%。从空间分布来看,蓝水资源呈现东南高西北低的分布格局,绿水资源呈现东高西低的分布格局,而绿水系数呈现西北高东南低的分布格局。科学全面评价蓝绿水资源可以为优化水资源利用模式、提高水资源利用效率提供科学依据。  相似文献   
4.
PurposeTo determine if there is diurnal variation in gene expression in normal healthy conjunctival cells.MethodsBulbar conjunctival swab samples were collected from four healthy subjects in the morning and evening of the same day. The two swab samples were taken from one eye of each participant, with a minimum of five hours gap between the two samples. RNA was extracted and analysed using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq).ResultsA total of 121 genes were differentially expressed between the morning and the evening conjunctival samples, of which 94 genes were upregulated in the morning, and 27 genes were upregulated in the evening. Many of the genes that were upregulated in the morning were involved in defence, cell turnover and regulation of gene expression, while the genes upregulated in the evening were involved in signalling and mucin production.ConclusionsThis study has identified several genes whose expression changes over the course of the day. Knowledge of diurnal variations of conjunctival gene expression provides an insight into the regulatory status of the healthy eye and provides a baseline for examining changes during ocular surface disease.  相似文献   
5.
Fluid sloshing usually causes serious safety issues on the dynamic stability and propellant thermal management during the powered-flight phase of launch vehicle. With the wide using of cryogenic propellants, the coupled thermo-mechanical performance during fluid sloshing becomes more prominent. In the present study, one numerical model is established to simulate fluid sloshing by using the VOF method coupled with the mesh motion treatment. The phase change occurring within the tank is considered. Both the experimental validation and mesh sensitivity analysis are made. It shows that present numerical model is acceptable. Based on the developed numerical model, the effect of different super gravity accelerations on fluid sloshing hydrodynamic characteristic is numerically researched. The fluid pressure variation, the sloshing force and sloshing moment, the interface dynamic response and the interface shape variation are investigated, respectively. It shows that the gravity acceleration has caused obvious influences on fluid sloshing characteristic. When the gravity acceleration is higher than 4g0, fluid sloshing becomes more obvious and must be paid enough attention. With some valuable conclusions obtained, the present work is of great significance for in-depth understanding of fluid sloshing mechanism.  相似文献   
6.
本文针对钽铌选厂不同入选原矿的选矿结果差异开展了对入选原矿分类的研究。在物料平衡分析的基础上,以最小化物料平衡误差为目标,建立了面向求解生产所有环节物料变化系数的数学模型,并运用差分进化算法进行运算求解;根据求解出的不同入选原矿的物料变化系数,运用聚类的方法进行入选原矿的分类,确定不同类别入选原矿的物料变化系数。  相似文献   
7.
气候变化和人类活动导致长江流域水资源年际、年内均发生变化。利用不同趋势分析和突变分析法,选取1890—2020年三峡坝址来水资料分析来水变化趋势以及溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡水库建库前后三峡坝址处年均、消落期、汛期、蓄水期来水变化。结果表明:三峡坝址在年均、汛期、蓄水期来水减小趋势显著,消落期减小趋势不显著,三峡坝址来水变化趋势突变时间在1960年左右。溪洛渡和向家坝水库在枯水期向下游补水导致三峡坝址来水增加,造成溪洛渡、向家坝建库后三峡消落期来水比历史反向增大,说明巨型水库对长江上游及金沙江流域水资源时空分布影响较大。  相似文献   
8.
Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) are an ecologically and economically important piscivore with reported differences in diet and feeding behaviour throughout its range. Eleven stomach content and stable isotope-based metrics were used to describe diets of 349 lake trout between two years (2013 and 2018) and among geographic zones (west, central, east, Kingston basin) in Lake Ontario. Using individual (e.g., volumetric, %V) and aggregate (e.g., index of relative importance, %IRI) diet metrics, we found an overwhelming dominance of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in lake trout diets among some zones in 2013 (%V = 23.3 – 92.7; %IRI = 12.2 – 99.5) and all zones in 2018 (%V = 83.9 – 96.7; %IRI = 96.5 – 100). Round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) were secondary lake trout prey items with relative diet percentages only marginally reflected by spatial and temporal variation in prey abundance (round goby: %V = 1.0 – 33.3, %IRI = 0.1 – 13.2; rainbow smelt: %V = 2.5 – 54.0, %IRI = 0.1 – 54.0). Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic niche areas and orientations were similar across all year-zone combinations reinforcing temporal and spatial consistency in lake trout diet. The findings of this study advance the time series in describing Lake Ontario lake trout diets and can be used to complement stock assessments and management decisions associated with carrying capacity for the diverse salmonid community.  相似文献   
9.
This paper presents a physics-based compact gate delay model that includes all short-channel phenomena prevalent at the ultra-deep submicron technology node of 32 nm. To simplify calculations, the proposed model is connected to a compact α-power law-based (Sakurai-Newton) model. The model has been tested on a wide range of supply voltages. The model accurately predicts nominal delays and the delays under process variations. It has been shown that at lower technology nodes, the delay is more sensitive to threshold voltage variations, specifically at the sub-threshold operating region as compared with effective channel length variations above the threshold region.  相似文献   
10.
针对人群计数方法中存在的尺度变化和多层级特征融合不佳的问题,基于U-Net的编码器-解码器网络结构,提出一种自适应特征融合网络,来进行精准的人群计数。提出自适应特征融合模块,根据解码器分支的需要,高效地聚合编码器分支提取的高层语义信息和底层的边缘信息;提出自适应上下文信息提取器,从不同感受野下提取多尺度的上下文信息并自适应加权融合,提高网络对于人头尺度变化的鲁棒性。在ShanghaiTech、UCF-CC-50和UCG-QNRF上的实验表明,与目前主流的人群计数算法相比,该算法具有更强的准确性和鲁棒性。  相似文献   
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