高水位变幅鱼道进口布置水力学试验研究

天然河道近岸带一般存在可供鱼类上溯的低流速区,原始条件下该区域的位置会随着水位涨落而发生改变,但在岸边布置鱼道后,水流往往被束缚在鱼道一侧,低水位时的低流速区在高水位条件下可能不复存在,当水位变动较大时,这种现象尤为明显。对于高水位变幅鱼道工程,顺岸分散布置进鱼口很难实现在不同运行水位条件下均有较好的诱鱼水力条件。为此,通过对某水电站鱼道进口布置进行优化试验研究,提出了一种适用于高水位变幅鱼道的进口布置方式,解决了不同运行水位条件下进鱼口附近均有较佳诱鱼水力条件的问题,可为相关工程设计提供参考。     

Migratory fishes of Brazil: Life history and fish passage needs

Many of the most important commercial and recreational species of the megadiverse Brazilian freshwater fishes migrate in rivers among essential habitats during all life stages. These movements, however, have been severely blocked by hundreds of hydroelectric dams and reservoirs and they will be even more obstructed due to hundreds of new developments. Fishways have been used in many countries to allow fish to pass around dams. Fishway construction is booming in Brazil, but poor understanding of migrations by Brazilian fishes has led legislators, scientists, and the public to several misconceptions about the rules of fishways in fisheries conservation. First, is a belief that fishways are only needed to facilitate upstream spawning migrations. Also, it has been suggested that upstream passage for Neotropical migrant fishes is not useful if there is no large free‐flowing stretch upstream of a dam that contains spawning habitat and has a large natural floodplain (nursery habitat). In this paper, we discuss that, in addition to providing passage for pre‐spawning migrants, upstream fishways also provide passage for other fish migrations (e.g. foraging), and that all up‐ and downstream migrations during life history need to be addressed at dams to conserve fish resources. We also argue that an upstream fishway is important even if the upstream reach does not have spawning or nursery habitats. In addition, we discuss the need for protection of downstream migrant fish, and the importance of fish behaviourists and engineers working together on fishway design and operation to solve fish passage issues. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of a Vertical‐Slot Fish Pass for the Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. and Habitat Recolonization

In 2011, a vertical‐slot fish pass was built at the Coimbra Açude‐Ponte dam (Mondego River, Portugal), approximately 45 km upstream from the river mouth. The performance of this infrastructure for sea lamprey passage was evaluated between 2011 and 2015 using several complementary methodologies, namely radio telemetry [conventional and electromyogram (EMG)], passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry and electrofishing surveys. During the study period, the electrofishing revealed a 29‐fold increase in the abundance of larval sea lamprey upstream of the fish pass. Of the 20 radio‐tagged individuals released downstream from the dam, 33% managed to find and successfully surpass the obstacle in less than 2 weeks, reaching the spawning areas located in the upstream stretch of the main river and in one important tributary. Fish pass efficiency was assessed with a PIT antenna installed in the last upstream pool and revealed a 31% efficiency, with differences between and within migratory seasons. Time of day and river flow significantly influenced the attraction efficiency of the fish pass, with lampreys negotiating it mainly during the night period and when discharge was below 50 m³ s^?1. Sea lampreys tagged with EMG transmitters took 3 h to negotiate the fish pass, during which high muscular effort was only registered during passage, or passage attempts, of the vertical slots. The use of complementary methodologies provided a comprehensive passage evaluation for sea lamprey, a species for which there is a considerable paucity of valuable data concerning behavioural, physiological and environmental influences on obstacle negotiation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Turbulent flow field comparison and related suitability for fish passage of a standard and a simplified low‐gradient vertical slot fishway

Fishways are hydraulic structures that allow passage of fish across obstructions in rivers. Vertical slot fishways—VSFs—are considered the most efficient and least selective type of technical fishway solutions, especially due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. The scope of the present study is to perform numerical simulations in order to investigate and compare the hydraulic turbulent flow field in a standard and a simplified version of the most common VSF design. Implications in relation to fish swimming behaviour and fish passage performance are discussed. Different water depths (as well as discharges) were investigated, using a bed slope of 5%, as a reference for low‐gradient VSFs with a very limited selectivity that can be used in multispecies rivers in grayling‐barbel regions. Results show that maximum values of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses are higher in the standard design. However, corresponding to slot geometry and orientation, the direction of the main jet in the simplified design is more inclined towards the left side of the pool. This causes the eddy to split into 2 smaller ones; the minimum eddy dimension is reduced from 0.4–0.5 to 0.2–0.3 m. These dimensions are detrimental for fish passage efficiency, being more comparable with fish length (0.15–0.40 m), thus affecting migrating fish stability and orientation. Furthermore, the standard design provides a more straightforward upstream path and wider areas of low flow velocities and turbulence, useful for fish resting. Therefore, it is recommended that the standard design should be preferred over its simplified version, even if its construction costs are around 10–15% higher than the simplified one.     

结构变化对鱼道水力学特性的影响

除了鱼池长宽比、隔板墩头和隔板结构的改变会对鱼道的流速、流态等水力学特性指标产生影响之外,底孔和坡度等对流速和流态的影响也不能忽视。为了研究底孔和坡度对鱼道的流速、流态等水力学特性指标产生的影响,采用标准k-ε湍流模型对不同工况的鱼道进行了数值模拟计算。研究表明:竖缝式鱼道的最大流速一般出现在竖缝附近,并且对于竖缝处的测点,一般是底层流速更大;增加底孔会降低竖缝处的流速,但底孔处流速偏大;放缓坡度一半时,竖缝处平均流速会降低约20%以上,因此就流速而言,放缓坡度会降低鱼道中的流速,从而对鱼类洄游有利。本实验不仅验证了此次数值模拟计算结果的可靠性,也直观地将鱼道流态清晰展示出来。     

异侧布置缝-孔-堰组合式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

我国沿海沿江洄游性鱼类众多,单一式鱼道难以满足鱼类不同溯游习性的要求。迄今,人们对单一式鱼道研究较多,而对组合式鱼道仅限于数值模拟工作,试验研究几乎是空白。本文对凹口堰-矩形中孔-竖缝组合式鱼道的紊流结构进行了较为系统的试验研究。采用声学多普勒测速仪（ADV）量测了鱼道水池内各点的三维瞬时流速,分析了组合式鱼道的流动特征、时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力、频谱特性、相关函数及紊动尺度。试验研究结果表明：与单一式鱼道比较,组合式鱼道水流具有显著的三维流动结构;纵向流速在水平面上存在明显峰值区,横向流速和垂向流速显示在横断面上存在旋涡区;在竖缝壁面射流与孔口射流汇聚区,纵向、横向及垂向紊动强度均较大,合并后则逐渐减小;雷诺应力峰值区主要出现在多股射流交汇区;纵向脉动能量主频峰值大小为孔口>凹口堰>竖缝;纵向脉动流速表现出随时间的相关性,并有凹口堰>孔口>竖缝,且沿程波动周期延长;积分尺度和微分尺度显示涡旋结构与组合式鱼道的流区有关。     

异侧竖缝式鱼道水力特性及放鱼试验研究

本文试验研究了异侧竖缝式鱼道的主流轨迹、主流速度的沿程变化规律、横向流速分布的特征及其随流量的变化情况,并进行了放鱼试验。试验研究是在浙江工业大学大比尺鱼道中进行的,考虑5种典型流量(Q=8.78,18.94,27.55,34.95,40.65L/s),取h/3和2h/3两个水深,沿每一水深平面纵向有12条横线(x=0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110cm),每条横线上布设27个测点。通过试验研究,提出主流轨迹的经验公式、主流速度沿程变化的关系式、横向流速分布特征的半理论半经验公式等。另外,通过放鱼试验,给出过鱼对象(鲫鱼、河鳗)在主流低速区以及沿主流轨迹的溯游特性。     

Passage and reproductive activity of fishes in the Igarapava fish ladder,Grande River,Southeastern Brazil

We sampled fishes within the vertical‐slot Igarapava fish ladder (IFL), Grande River, southeastern Brazil, and immediately downstream IFL in 12 field trips from February 2000 to December 2002. A total of 1145 fishes belonging to 13 families and 39 species were captured. The most abundant species captured within the IFL, in order of abundance were: Pimelodus maculatus, Metynnis maculatus, Astyanax altiparanae, Hypostomus spp., Leporinus octofasciatus, Salminus hilarii, Leporinus elongatus, Leporinus friderici, Schizodon nasutus and Prochilodus lineatus. Size distribution of the most abundant fishes captured downstream or within the IFL was similar indicating no constraints to adult fish to ascend the IFL. Except P. maculatus, the number of migratory species captured in the IFL and downstream the IFL were very low. Some of the so‐called sedentary species were collected in the IFL indicating that they possess an innate behaviour to migrate. Juveniles of P. lineatus and P. maculatus were captured ascending the IFL implying a dispersal behaviour. Gonadal analyses of the fishes captured in the reproductive season showed that the overall number of reproductive active fishes (which included fish in maturation, mature and spawned/spent) surpassed those non‐active. Thus, the IFL offers upstream passage for juveniles, some of the so‐called sedentary species, as well as fishes in reproductive migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental evaluation of fishway modifications on the passage behaviour of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead at Lower Granite Dam,Snake River,USA

Previous studies of Pacific salmonid passage over Snake River dams indicated slowed passage at transition pools, the transition area between the fishway entrance and the fish ladder. In 2001 and 2002, we conducted an experiment to determine if modified weirs affected adult salmon and steelhead passage times and route selection through the Lower Granite Dam transition pool. Fish attraction flows through the lower ladder weirs were experimentally increased using removable panels. During the experiment we monitored radio‐tagged adult Chinook salmon and steelhead to determine passage routes and times through the transition pool. The weir treatment increased the number of spring–summer Chinook salmon passing straight through the transition pool compared to those exiting the transition pool to the collection channel or tailrace. Mean passage times through the transition pool differed among routes and were significantly lower during treatment periods for the exit‐to‐collection channel route in spring‐summer Chinook salmon, but not for other routes. Passage times among routes differed in steelhead, but there was no evidence of treatment effects on route use or passage time. Fall Chinook exhibited similar trends in route use and passage time to spring–summer Chinook, but differences were not significant, perhaps because of relatively small sample size. Total dam passage times did not differ by treatment or route for any run. Fish depth during passage of the transition pool suggested that most fish passed through submerged orifices and supported the hypothesis that increased water velocity through these orifices caused the increase in straight‐through passage in spring–summer Chinook. Collectively, the results suggested the weir modifications provided improvement to passage through the transition pool for spring–summer Chinook and no evidence of negative effects on other runs. The results from this study were used to develop new design criteria and modifications of the Lower Granite Dam fishway. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.