云南昭通氟中毒区煤、土和水中氟的含量与分布

为探讨云南昭通氟中毒地区环境中氟的含量和分布规律以及氟的来源，在昭通镇雄和威信地区采集了160个煤、黄铁矿结核、煤矸石、黏土、玉米、辣椒、饮用水样品，用高温水解-氟离子选择电极法对样品中的氟进行了分析.结果表明：云南昭通氟中毒区晚二叠世龙潭组主采煤层C5煤含氟量低，平均含氟量为77.13 mg/kg；3个典型氟中毒病区民用煤的平均含氟量为72.56 mg/kg，稍低于中国煤炭平均含氟量〖BF〗（82 mg/kg）， 与世界煤的平均值（80 mg/kg）〖BFQ〗接近.中毒区的煤主要为低氟煤，煤中的氟与灰分关系较为密切.中毒区的拌煤黏土中氟含量一般在367～2 435 mg/kg， 但以含氟量超过600 mg/kg的高氟拌煤黏土为主，平均含氟量为1 084.2 mg/kg.氟中毒区饮用水的含氟量一般低于0.35 mg/L，低于国家饮用水的要求(1.0 mg/L).     

Impact of chronic fluorosis on left ventricular diastolic and global functions

Sixty three patients with endemic fluorosis (36 males/27 females; mean age 33.9 ± 8.6 years) and 45 age, sex and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy controls (30 males/15 females; mean age 32.7 ± 8.8 years) were included in this study. Basic echocardiographic measurements, left ventricular diastolic parameters and left ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) were measured. The left ventricular MPI was calculated as (isovolumic contraction time + isovolumic relaxation time) / aortic ejection time by Doppler. The urine fluoride levels of fluorosis patients were significantly higher than control subjects as expected (1.9 ± 0.1 mg/l vs 0.4 ± 0.1 mg/l respectively; P < 0.001). Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and deceleration time (DT) were significantly higher in fluorosis patients than in controls (for IVRT 106.9 ± 15.6 ms vs 96.7 ± 12.2 ms; P < 0.001 and for DT 211.7 ± 30.7 ms vs 188.0 ± 30.0 ms; P < 0.001, respectively). MPI was significantly higher in fluorosis patients than in controls (0.62 ± 0.15 ms vs 0.49 ± 0.10 ms; P < 0.001, respectively). We have shown that chronic fluorosis patients had left ventricular diastolic and global dysfunctions.     

云南昭通喀斯特区天然水水化学性质及地质成因

为研究云南省昭通市昭通喀斯特区天然水水化学性质及其地质成因,采集9组河水样和27组裂隙水样,运用Piper三线图、阴阳离子比例法及饱和指数法,分析了昭通喀斯特区河水及裂隙水的水化学性质及主要地质因素。结果表明昭通河水与裂隙水中优势阴阳离子分别为HCO₃^-(67.3%和70.0%)与Ca²⁺(60.0%和72.1%);昭通81.6%天然水TH主要在75.0～300.0 mg/L之间。昭通天然水中含F^-量(均值0.1 mg/L)远低于中国饮用水卫生标准值(1.0 mg/L)。以碳酸盐岩为主的含水层中发育的裂隙水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO₃和Ca·Mg-HCO₃。含水层岩性控制着昭通裂隙水化学性质。昭通氟中毒区可在碳酸盐岩且岩性较为单一的含水层中找到优质水源。     

六安市居民饮用水氟含量及改水工程现状调查与分析

通过筛查六安市居民饮用水中氟含量及改水工程现状表明,六安市五县三区居民饮用水中氟含量均值较低,仅为0.36mg/L,合格率达99.57%,舒城县饮用水中氟浓度最高,氟最高浓度达5.14 mg/L;六安市金安区饮用水氟含量超标率最高,达0.64%,其次是寿县,而金寨县和叶集区饮水中氟含量合格率最高,达100%;70个改水点引水主要方式是引水和打井,引水中氟含量均达到国家生活饮用水卫生标准;居民饮用水中氟含量过高现象已得到改善,但要及时采取措施预防龋齿;本次调查与分析结果可为六安市地方性氟中毒防治、地氟病区改水提供科学依据。     

Osteosclerosis due to endemic fluorosis

Endemic water borne fluorosis is a public health problem in Isparta, a city located in southern Turkey. In order to investigate the association between osteosclerosis and fluorosis, we retrospectively screened the results of lumbar spine and femur neck bone mineral density (BMD) of 1500 patients who were examined before, for any reason in between 2001-2003. Sixty nine patients (67 females and 2 males, mean age 52.6+/-10.2) with vertebra T-scores>or=+2 were found only except a patient with osteoid osteoma in the femur neck (femur T-score+6.64). Thirty-four of the patients could be reexamined with lateral vertebra BMD and investigated for fluorosis and the other etiologic causes of osteosclerosis. Of 34 patients, 14 had either mottled tooth enamel or urine fluoride level greater than 1.5 mg/l. Other etiologic causes were hypothyroidism (2), hypoparathyroidism (1), history of lumbar fracture (1), use of retinoids (1), vitamin D (7), oral calcium preparations (9), and bisphosphanates (3). Lateral lumbar vertebral T-score was greater than+2 in 12 patients (35.3%). Femur T-score was greater than+2 in 7 patients (20.6%). Fourteen patients (41.2%) had lateral vertebral or femur T-score>or=+2. Five (35.7%) of these patients had signs of fluorosis, as discussed before. Mean body mass index of individuals with fluorosis was 36.4+/-7.9 and this result was significantly higher than other osteosclerotic subjects (31.6+/-4.4). In conclusion we believe that approximately one third of the osteosclerosis in our region was due to endemic skeletal fluorosis and obesity may enhance this osteosclerotic type bone changes in endemic fluorosis.     

云南威信地方病氟中毒的氟源研究

运用离子选择性电极（ISE）和X射线衍射分析（XRD）方法，对云南昭通威信地方病氟中毒区的氟源进行了研究．结果表明：威信县主采煤层刻槽样品中氟的质量分数均值为67．8×10^-6，低于中国煤和美国煤中氟的背景值；拌煤黏土和煤泥混合物中氟的质量分数很高，分别为2239×10^-6和863．3×10^-6（煤泥混合物是当地居民的主要燃料）；煤泥混合物在燃烧过程中氟的挥发率约为89％，拌煤黏土中氟是该地区地方病氟中毒的主要氟源．拌煤黏土中高含量的氟主要与伊蒙混层矿物、磷灰石、角闪石和钾长石等密切相关．     

Fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis

In this study we determined the fluoride content in drinking water and hair of 12-year-old schoolchildren from different Serbian municipalities, i.e. Valjevo, Veliko Gradiste, Kacarevo and Vranjska Banja. The analyses were performed using composite fluoride ion-selective electrode. Average fluoride levels were 0.10, 0.15, 0.79 and 11 ppm in well water, 0.07, 0.10, 0.17 and 0.15 ppm in tap water, 19.3, 21.5, 25.4, and 32.5 ppm in hair samples, in Valjevo, Veliko Gradiste, Kacarevo and Vranjska Banja, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated statistically significant positive relationship between fluoride in wells water and fluoride in hair, for all municipalities: correlation coefficients were 0.54 (p < 0.05), 0.89, 0.97 and 0.99 (p < 0.001), in Vranjska Banja, Valjevo, Veliko Gradiste, and Kacarevo, respectively. Positive correlation was obtained also between fluoride in tap water and hair samples in all regions under the study, with statistical significance only in Valjevo municipality, p < 0.05. Dental examination of schoolchildren confirmed dental fluorosis only in the region of Vranjska Banja. Moreover, in endemic fluorotic region of Vranjska Banja, positive and statistically significant correlations were confirmed between fluoride in well water and dental fluorosis level (r = 0.61; p < 0.01) and additionally between fluoride in hair and dental fluorosis level (0.62; p < 0.01). The primary findings from this study have shown that fluoride content in hair is highly correlated with fluoride content in drinking water and dental fluorosis level, indicating that hair may be regarded as biomaterial of high informative potential in evaluating prolonged exposure to fluorides and to individuate children at risk of fluorosis regardless of the phase of teeth eruption.     

茶叶中氟的研究进展

近年来,国内外对于茶叶中氟的研究主要集中在茶树对氟的吸收、富集和转运氟的特征,以及茶叶中氟的浸出规律和安全性分析等方面。本文主要从茶叶中氟含量及其氟浸出率等方面进行综述,以期对茶叶中氟的相关研究提供一定参考。     

宁夏地氟病与原生地球化学环境的研究

地氟病是宁夏广泛分布的一种地方病，与宁夏特殊的原生地球化学环境有密切关系．宁夏东南部地区由于高氟地下水广泛分布，当地居民长期饮用高氟水导致地氟病发病率非常高，尤以盐池县为甚．以盐池县为例，运用地质和构造分析方法，结合地层土体的淋滤实验和岩体的溶滤实验，研究地下水中氟的来源问题；通过对影响地下水中氟含量的各种因素之间的相互作用进行分析研究，进而确定地下水中氟的富集规律，研究认为，地下水中的氟主要来自与所接触的岩土体中含氟矿物和吸附性的氟的溶解．     

云南昭通氟中毒区煤、烘烤粮食、黏土和饮用水中砷、硒、汞的含量

为探讨昭通氟中毒地区煤和粮食中砷、硒、汞的含量和分布,在昭通镇雄和威信地区系统采集了160个煤、粮食、饮用水等样品,用AFS-820双道原子荧光光度计对样品中的砷、硒、汞含量进行了测定.中毒区晚二叠世龙潭组主采煤层砷含量为8.84 mg/kg.在居民中发现砷含量 89.09 mg/kg的高砷煤.煤中的硒、汞含量较低; 煤层中黄铁矿结核中的硒、汞含量高.中毒区烘烤后的玉米和辣椒全部含有超过国家规定的食品中砷限量卫生标准（0.7 mg/kg）的砷.烘烤后的辣椒中全部含有超过国家规定的食品中硒、汞限量标准,但烘烤后的玉米大多数没有超标;昭通氟中毒区的拌煤黏土大多是高砷土,平均砷含量大于16 mg/kg, 但黏土中硒、汞含量较低.病区饮用水中的砷含量一般低于国家饮用水砷中毒标准,饮用水中硒、汞均低.云南昭通氟中毒区有高砷煤存在,黄铁矿结核和部分亮煤的砷含量高.云南昭通氟中毒地区存在着高砷介质--烘烤后的高砷玉米和辣椒,氟中毒区烘烤粮食中的砷可能来源于煤和拌煤黏土中的砷.