支持向量机在地下水位预报中的应用研究

针对地下水系统结构不甚清晰、基础资料不完备条件下区域地下水位预报问题，在介 绍支持向量机基本原理和实现算法的基础上，探讨了支持向量机方法在区域地下水位预报中的应用，经过与人工神经网络方法预报结果比较，表明该方法具有速度快、泛化能力强的特点，可很好地克服神经网络的过学习问题。  

Simulation-Optimization Modelling for Sustainable Groundwater Management in a Coastal Basin of Orissa, India

The Balasore coastal groundwater basin of Orissa in eastern India is under a serious threat of overdraft and seawater intrusion. Two optimization models were developed in this study for the efficient utilization of water resources in Balasore basin during non-monsoon periods: (a) a non-linear hydraulic management model for optimal pumpage, and (b) a linear optimization model for optimal cropping pattern in integration with a calibrated and validated groundwater flow simulation model. Based on the simulation-optimization modeling results, optimal pumping schedules, cropping patterns, and corresponding groundwater conditions are presented for three scenarios viz., wet, normal and dry years. It was found that optimal pumping schedules and corresponding cropping patterns differed significantly under the three scenarios, and the groundwater levels improved significantly under the optimal hydraulic conditions compared to the existing condition. In dry years, the groundwater levels under the present pumping pattern and the optimal pumpage indicated that the non-monsoon pumpage should not exceed the optimal pumpage in the absence of remedial measures in the basin. It is concluded that in order to ensure sustainable groundwater utilization in the basin, the optimal cropping pattern and pumping schedule should be adopted by the farmers.  

发挥南水北调的生态效益修复华北平原地下水

该文阐述了南水北调工程对修复华北平原地下水枯竭的潜在生态效应.华北平原是我国最大的冲积平原之一,由于城市与工农业生产的快速发展,华北平原的地下水被大量超采,使地区的地下水位每年平均下降 0 5～ 1 0 m,并导致了一系列的生态、环境问题,诸如干化缺水、地面下沉、海水入侵等.为了挽救地下水资源和修复生态,笔者认为调水实现后可望利用南水北调中线与东线长期向北方输水的效应,实现对地下水的回补 ,并提出了技术与体制的框架.  

Estimating Land Use Impacts on Regional Scale Urban Water Balance and Groundwater Recharge

Anthropogenic activities have exerted increasingly large-scale influences on terrestrial ecological systems from the past century, primarily through agriculture; however, the impact of such changes on the hydrologic cycle is poorly understood. As one of the important land use (LU) in the coastal Dogo Plain of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, paddy fields have been decreasing with the increase in urbanization in recent decades. As the main source of water in the Dogo Plain, groundwater plays an important role in providing people with fresh water and contributing to stream base flow. The purpose of this study is to analyze the water resource and evaluate the effect of LU change on groundwater table fluctuation in this coastal plain. Firstly, the observations of groundwater table and the investigation of water balance were carried out in this alluvial plain. Then, a distributed four-block three-layer water balance model was employed to analyze the groundwater table fluctuation with response to the change of paddy field area. Moreover, the role of paddy field in recharging groundwater in the basin has been clarified. Results show that groundwater table depends not only on rainfall and discharge from rivers, but also on irrigation water and topology of the study area. The net groundwater recharge was positive in irrigation periods whereas that in non-irrigation periods was nearly equal to zero or negative. The results of this study would be helpful to the urban development policy and land use planning decision.  

Groundwater Demand Management in the Great Lakes Basin—Directions for New Policies

Demand-side management should be used to maximize the efficiency of groundwater use. Implementation of conservation measures would decrease the volume of water use and also exert less pressure on the water distribution system as well as the wastewater treatment system. Allocation of ground water in the Great Lakes basin must conform to priorities established at the community level. Groundwater pricing should reflect the full costs arising from ground water use. A differential pricing structure would help conserve water in the residential and industrial sectors. A user-friendly database on ground water use, quality and quantity for the entire Great Lakes basin is also essential. New policies for sustainable groundwater allocation, regulating water prices for water conservation, conservation education, pollution prevention, recycling and reuse of water as well as effective information management provide new directions for managing the groundwater demand in the Great Lakes basin.  

沉井施工降水时地下水的动态分析

以泰州长江大桥北锚碇(沉井)周边为研究区,根据地质资料、边界条件和各源汇项,采用网格法与概念模型联合建模的思想,用地下水模拟软件GMS对研究区地下水水流进行数值模拟,预测了北锚碇施工期的涌水量和地下水位的动态变化,计算结果与工程实际相吻合。  

水电站水库群与地下水资源系统联合运行多目标管理模型及计算方法

本文探讨了水电站水库群与地下水资源系统联合运行多目标管理问题，建立起联合运行多目标管理模型，提出一种模糊带权改进目标协调法。理论分析和实例计算表明，所建立的模型和提出的计算方法具有较强的实用性和通用性，为解决水电站水库群与地下水资源系统联合运行管理问题提供了一条有效途径。  

傍河取水越河稳定渗流问题的三维数值模拟研究

以非完整河(渠)旁完整井列抽水的理想化实际模型为基础，建立起该模型的三维稳定渗流数学模型，采用有限差分法求解了各种不同情况下此模型的数值解。根据求解结果认为，在非完整河(渠)旁抽取地下水会产生越河(渠)渗流问题，河流(渠)的宽度、河流(渠)的完整性以及河底弱透水层的渗透性都会对越河渗流问题产生重要的影响，对这类问题的求解应采用三维渗流数学模型  

地下水允许开采量确定的风险分析

传统的地下水允许开采量计算大都有是采用确定性模型进行的。而实际上，在其计算中存在着一些不确定性因素，它们直接影响着计算结果的精度，而“不确定性”与“风险”是紧密相联系的。为此，本文以山东省济宁市地下水资源评价为例，在详细介绍了风险分析的基本概念和风险分析方法的基础上，对地下水允许开采量的确定进行了风险分析，所采用的风险分析方法为蒙特卡罗方法，其中的随机数产生采用混合同余法。经风险分析所得结果较传统的水文地质学方法计算的结果，更符合实际情况。为在今后的地下水资源评价工作中，更加合理地、可靠地确定水源地的允许开采量提供了一种切实可行的方法，使得与地下水开采有关决策的失误减小到最低程度。  

用改进的遗传算法反演地下水数值模型参数

在简单的遗传算法的基础上，结合优体克隆操作、子体优生操作和多代调环操作，提出了一种综合改进的遗传算法，并以非均质各向同性承压二维非稳定流动为算例，以有限元法讨论了用遗传算法反演地下水数值模型参数的过程。计算结果表明，综合改进的遗传算法进行参数识别时，具有收敛速度快、解的精度高和避免出现早熟等优点，可用于地下水渗流和水资源评价计算中。