黄河上游水文情报预报的发展与应用

黄河上游流域人烟稀少，经济不发达，６０年代前水文站网寥寥无几。７０、８０年代，黄委会上游水文水资源局，在该地区的黄河干流上恢复，新建了一批水文站，并在其主要支流设立了水文站。这些站网现控制站康乃亥以上流域的广大地区。     

相应流量自动化实时报汛技术研究与应用

为了研制相应流量计算模型，对常用的相应流量计算模型的适用范围、精度进行了分析，包括单一线模型、单值化模型、动态差分模型、经验绳套模型。针对不同流量的计算方法，结合人机交互技术，建立了相应流量计算模型。通过选择具有不同水位流量关系的典型水文测站，对模型的预报精度进行了验证。验证结果表明：一次洪水过程的大部分时段预报结果与实测结果吻合较好，预报精度提高；测站水位流量关系的静态单值化精度对相应流量自动化实时报汛精度影响很大，是今后继续深入研究的一个方向。     

三峡水库初期运用对长江中下游水文河道情势影响分析

三峡工程自2003年6月1日蓄水发电后,坝下游水文河道情势发生了较大变化.2003-2006年,长江中下游干流宜昌、汉口、大通水文站年均输沙量仅为0.702亿t、1.34亿t和1.63亿t,分别较多年均值偏小86%、67%和62%;各水文站悬沙粒径均有所变粗,尤以监利站最为明显,由蓄水前的0.009mm变粗为2006年的0.150mm.蓄水发电后,长江中下游河道冲刷强度明显增大,沿程枯水位有所下降.2002年10月至2006年10月宜昌至湖口河段平滩河槽冲刷量为6.14亿m~3,以基本河槽冲刷为主.宜昌站2006年汛后与2002年汛后比较,当宜昌站流量分别为4000m~3/s、10000m~3/s时,其相应水位分别下降0.07m、0.49m.     

气候变化和人类活动干扰下万泉河流域水文情势变化特征分析

由于气候变化和人类活动的共同作用,众多河流的水文情势发生改变,因此分析环境变化的河流水文情势影响机理对河流保护有重要意义。基于万泉河加报站1957～2014年的日流量资料,通过Mann-Kendall和累积距平法诊断径流序列的突变点,将水文序列划分为两个时间序列,采用水文变化指标法(IHA)、变化范围法(RVA)和直方图匹配法(HMA)分析万泉河水文情势的改变度。结果表明,年径流序列1990年发生突变;变异后,径流特性发生改变,逆转次数显著增加,增幅为28.81%,RVA法的水文改变度DR值为89.85%,发生了高度变异,HMA法的水文改变度DH值为66.34%,表现为中度变异,会对生态系统稳定性带来威胁;流域内热带雨林破坏加剧,植被结构改变是导致河流水文情势变化的重要原因。研究结果可为水资源管理和生态保护提供参考。     

泼河水库对潢河径流过程及水文情势的影响

基于淮河流域潢川、淮滨两个水文站1952—2012年的日平均径流数据，采用滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall检验方法分析潢河径流年际变化，采用集中度、集中期、不均匀系数和极值比分析潢河径流年内分布变化，采用IHA法分析泼河水库建成前后潢河河道水文情势的变化。结果表明:泼河水库未对潢河年际径流变化趋势产生显著影响，而对潢河径流的年内分布影响则十分明显，年内分配趋于均匀化，流域生态系统的稳定性有所提升。     

Spatio‐temporal variability in underwater light climate in a turbid river‐floodplain system: Driving factors and estimation using Secchi disc

The underwater light climate has important effects on primary producers. The aim of this research was to evaluate its variability in a turbid river‐floodplain system. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in the Middle Paraná River during different hydrological phases to (a) analyse the photosynthetically active radiation attenuation coefficient (k) and euphotic depth (Z_eu) as well as their associations with optically active components and (b) develop and evaluate indices and regression models based on Secchi disc (SD) measurements to estimate k and Z_eu. Values of k were higher in the fluvial system than in the floodplain and during low‐water stage than high‐water stage. Particulate components controlled the light climate variability. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll‐a had significant effects during floods. The estimation of k and Z_eu was sensitive to temporal but not to spatial variations. The highest prediction accuracy was observed when using specific non‐linear regressions for each hydrological phase, especially for Z_eu estimation (low stage: k = 1.76 × SD^−0.80, Z_eu = 2.62 × 1/SD^−0.80; high stage: k = 2.04 × SD^−0.53, Z_eu = 2.26 × 1/SD^−0.53). The indices k × SD and Z_eu/SD were significantly different from those proposed for clear water environments. It is concluded that temporal variations should be considered when estimating k and Z_eu in turbid river‐floodplain systems because of the temporal heterogeneity in optically active components. Considering that ecological implication of the light climate depends on Z_eu:depth ratio, we propose to estimate Z_eu instead of k. Finally, indices proposed for clear water environments are not recommended to be applied to turbid environments.     

Structural Dynamics of Pristine Headwater Streams from Southern Brazilian Amazon

Amazonian headwater streams trail a heterogeneous landscape, with marked natural variation of geomorphological conditions and hydrological periods. Southern Brazilian Amazon is subjected to high degradation pressure, mainly from deforestation. Hence, we characterize pristine headwaters structure (hydromorphology and water physical‐chemical variables) and variation among hydrological periods (dry, beginning of the rainy period and end of the rainy period), to define reference conditions for conservation‐oriented classification, monitoring and rehabilitation of the southern Brazilian Amazon streams. Stretches of 10 pristine streams from the Teles Pires River, a major tributary of the Tapajós River, were analysed for hydromorphology, water physical‐chemical variables and controlled for habitat integrity (forested proportion on buffer zones and habitat integrity index). We found variation among hydrological periods and spatial heterogeneity on pristine stream structure. Most variables showed great variation ranges at the same hydrological period and high variation coefficient values, reflecting the natural environmental heterogeneity among streams protected by a riparian forest. Variation among hydrological periods and spatial heterogeneity between streams in this region, combined with current high levels of deforestation, indicates the need for the conservation of a high proportion of streams and their respective riparian forests. Here, we have presented reference range values for monitoring and rehabilitation programs integrated in the Amazonian aquatic conservation efforts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水库对东江若干河段水文情势的影响

为研究东江新丰江水库、枫树坝水库和白盆珠水库对水库下游河流水文情势的影响,以河源和博罗水文站为研究站点,利用多年的实测逐日流量数据,采用变化范围法(RVA)计算分析了天然状况和水库修建后的水文特征值的变化,结果表明,新丰江和枫树坝水库建设对河源站附近河段水文情势的影响属于高度改变,三大水库对博罗站附近河段水文情势的影响也属于高度改变.     

河北省连续枯水年(1997-2002)水文水资源情势分析

1997——2002连续枯水年组对产流系数、地表径流量、地下水环境、水资源总量产生了较大影响，给社会、经济、环境带来严重危害。在水资源规划设计中应对连续枯水年这一特殊水文现象进行深入探讨，用可持续发展的观念优化配置水资源，制定切实有效的措施，最大程度减免连续枯水年带来的旱灾损失。