地表径流速度对城市内涝影响规律

为分析地表径流速度对城市内涝的影响,采用一维地下排水管网与二维城区地形的动态耦合模型,选取大连市某排水区块作为研究区域,设置4种地表径流速度10种设计降雨场景,模拟分析在不同重现期设计降雨及不同地表径流速度下研究区的内涝积水特性。结果表明:随着地表径流速度降低,管道排水压力变小,管道排水达标率最高可提升48.05%,且降雨重现期越短,地表径流流速对管道排水压力的削减效果越明显;地表径流流速对检查井溢流量影响显著,随着地表径流速度降低,检查井溢流量峰值最高可减小2 750 m~3,峰现时间最长可滞后56 min,同时随着降雨重现期增长,地表径流流速对检查井溢流量的削减效果减弱;研究区低、高风险区淹没面积随地表径流速度降低,最高可分别减小1.64万、8.37万m~2,但中风险区淹没面积变化反复。     

Icy affairs: Understanding recent advancements in the freezing and frozen storage of fish

Freezing methods have evolved over the last 30 years. This review states the effect of various freezing methods on the quality of fish and seafood. Freezing temperatures, freezing, and frozen storage temperatures were also analyzed and reviewed. The changes in the ice crystal, protein, and lipid affect the fish quality and nutritional value during freezing and frozen storage. Freezing methods when combined with various additives or preprocessing approaches help improve the efficacy of freezing and frozen storage. Several experimental or emerging methods also have positive effects on the products' quality. According to the metadata reanalysis of quality markers, freshly frozen fish using different freezing methods may vary much in terms of ice diameter, but not others. High pressure freezing or immersion freezing-derived fish retains the best quality through frozen storage. More data are required on freezing methods (electrical-assisted freezing, microwave-assisted freezing, magnetic-assisted freezing, radiofrequency-assisted freezing, and the commercial's application and investment should be considered in the future. This review sheds light on finding a balanced initial shear force during freezing and the use of certain additives to control freezing-related damages. Focusing on ice diameter alone may be futile (e.g., liquid N₂ freezing). Future optimization of technologies should be in a way that several processes along the farm to fork such as freezing, frozen storage, thawing, thermal processing of fish, and even refabrication of food should mutually complement each other's needs to deliver safe and high-quality fish to the consumer's plate, even after a prolonged shelf-life.     

基于分形理论的黄河内蒙古段河势演变特征及其与凌汛灾害关联研究

寒区河道凌汛灾害河势“弯道效应”的量化评估十分重要。基于分形理论提出河道横断面-纵剖面-平面多维度河势分形维数计算方法及其物理机制，并探讨黄河内蒙古段不同维度河势演变分形特征及其与凌汛灾害的关联关系。结果表明，黄河内蒙古段不同维度河势均具有多尺度自相似分形特征，且具有多年记忆周期的长程相关性；冰坝（严重性冰塞）发生频次与河道主槽弯曲分形维数呈正相关指数型函数关系，与河相系数、深泓点高程和河段平均底坡分形维数负相关，与水深-面积分形维数正相关，总体表明冰坝灾害更易发生于主槽偏移摆动大、蜿蜒曲折、河湾发育程度高的宽浅型弯曲河道，研究成果可为凌汛期冰塞冰坝灾害易发河段诊断及预测提供重要理论依据。     

Laboratory Studies to Determine Suitable Chemicals to Improve Oil Recovery from Garzan Oil Field

Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated.     

Cross-sector collaboration within Dutch flood risk governance: historical analysis of external triggers

ABSTRACT

This article synthesizes the literature on Dutch flood risk governance to analyze how external conditions shaped past and present dynamics of cross-sector collaboration for integrated flood risk management in the Netherlands. It traces the extent to which policy and legal frameworks, socio-economic circumstances, political realities, power relations and conflict situations have influenced attempts at collaboration between flood safety, spatial planning, environmental protection and other sectors. Despite the growing interdependences, existing power relations between the sectors are characterized by the dominance of the water sector. Hence, cross-sector collaboration can develop as long as it does not compromise flood safety.     

纳米TiO2流体表面改性及对真空闪蒸制冰的影响

利用电镜扫描法、紫外分光光度法及烘干称重法对纳米TiO₂流体的分散稳定性进行了综合评价，研究了表面活性剂种类及浓度对其分散稳定性的影响。将纳米TiO₂流体引入真空闪蒸制取冰浆系统，研究了纳米TiO₂浓度、表面活性剂浓度及对吸附作用下纳米TiO₂流体真空闪蒸制冰的影响。结果表明，表面活性剂类型对纳米TiO₂流体分散稳定性的影响很大，复合型的分散稳定性最佳，其次是阴离子型；纳米粒子及表面活性剂可以增强真空下纳米TiO₂流体的成核效果，增大含冰率，降低过冷度；表面活性剂浓度是影响真空闪蒸制冰系统压力及闪蒸率的重要因素，系统压力及闪蒸率均随着表面活性剂浓度的增大而增大；另外，确定了在吸附作用下真空闪蒸制冰系统中使用纳米TiO₂流体的最佳条件。在最佳条件下，含冰率为18.35%，过冷度为0.51℃，热导率为0.920W/(m·K)，对比蒸馏水有较大改善。吸附作用下真空闪蒸制冰可行性较高，制取冰浆效果优良。     

化工园区Na-Tech风险定量评价方法

自然灾害引发的技术灾害（Na-Tech）对工业设施及生产设备带来了风险，加上化工园区聚集着大量危险化学品，这种耦合风险的扩大效应极易造成园区及周围区域的巨大经济损失和人员伤亡，因此化工园区Na-Tech事故逐渐受到广泛关注。本文通过对化工园区多灾种耦合风险影响因素进行辨识，分析耦合风险系统结构及作用机理，建立耦合风险系统结构模型与耦合风险演化模型，提出地震灾害引发的Na-Tech事故中设备泄漏概率模型；以某化工园区为例，应用耦合风险模型及设备泄漏概率模型，利用QRA软件对多灾种耦合下化工园区风险进行定量评价，对比传统工业灾害和地震灾害下个人风险和社会风险，得出地震灾害对化工园区风险影响，为化工园区多灾种耦合风险研究提供理论与方法支撑。     

优化GD-模糊规则的滑坡预报模型研究

为了提高滑坡灾害预报准确率，改善传统的滑坡监测和预报中存在的参数选取困难及模糊控制系统作为预报模型精确度不高的问题，首先采用山体结构稳定性分析法进行滑坡灾害参数的选取，得出降雨量、含水率、土压力及岩土表面位移增量作为预报参数的结论；其次将选取的参数作为模糊系统的输入，建立滑坡灾害发生概率模型，并引入优化的GD算法修正预报模型中的动态参数，使模糊控制模型具有自适应性；同时与未优化的模糊控制模型以及单独模糊控制模型进行仿真对比，仿真结果表明，该控制算法收敛速度快，具有很好的收敛性；最后将该模型在某滑坡重点灾区实验区进行实验测试，实验结果显示该模型具有较好的收敛性，且预报精度达到90%。     

淮河入江水道行洪能力分析

入江水道是淮河下游最大的泄洪河道,承担着淮河上中游70%以上的洪水泄入长江。根据1961—2018年大洪水期间的实测资料,利用水位流量法计算分析入江水道的泄洪能力和防洪能力。结果表明:因历史客观条件限制以及4个梯级控制河段整治的难度与复杂性,在不同时期各控制河段的行洪能力呈现各自不同的特点;经过多年持续有效治理,河道行洪能力整体得到提高;由近年来实测资料推算,各控制河段的行洪能力基本达到设计要求。对入江水道行洪能力的分析为淮河下游区的防汛抗洪和降低特大洪水威胁提供借鉴和参考,对区域经济社会又好又快发展具有现实意义。     

亚麻蛋白冰淇淋品质影响因素及评价

以冷榨法榨油后的亚麻籽饼粕为原料，亚麻籽饼粕采用酶制剂提取脱胶、脱脂获得亚麻蛋白，研究亚麻蛋白在冰淇淋配方中的应用。影响亚麻蛋白冰淇淋的因素为：亚麻蛋白、奶油、脱脂奶粉和蔗糖，以感官评价为指标，采用单因素实验和正交实验优化亚麻蛋白冰淇淋配方。确定最佳配方为：亚麻蛋白含量3%、脱脂奶粉含量13%、奶油含量15%、蔗糖含量16%。应用此配方亚麻蛋白冰淇淋感官评分为95.32±0.41分，膨胀率为69.67%±0.91%，抗融性5.28%±0.98%。