高耸桥墩保护性爆破拆除关键技术

为解决高耸钢砼桥墩上部倾斜导致的工程质量不合格问题,采用保护性控制爆破将上部倾斜部分钢砼桥墩予以拆除,同时保留下部未偏斜部分桥墩不受破坏。采用开设组合形状切口,预开定向窗、导向窗;设置组合高差卸荷槽,预伤钢筋弱化抗压抗拉能力为关键措施的控制爆破方案。方案实施取得了十分满意的效果,上部拟拆除部分桥墩顺利倾倒下坠,下部保留部分桥墩完好无损。采用保护性控制爆破技术能高效、安全地解决类似高耸钢砼桥墩(构筑物)部分拆除、部分保留利用的问题,并能取得可观的经济、社会效益。     

箱形横梁的水压爆破拆除

某电影院大厅内钢筋混凝土箱形横梁长25m,断面尺寸1 6m×2 4m,用水压爆破拆除。通过梁的受力分析得知,为避免横梁的挠度过大,在吊梁拆除后必须另补支撑,以确保水压爆破正常进行。文中对水压爆破炸药用量的计算公式进行了比较和简评。在参考计算结果和考虑厅内环境的基础上,并结合以往水压爆破工程的经验,确定了合理、有效的药量,保证了主体结构的绝对安全。     

基于归一化水体指数及其阈值自适应算法的水体遥感反演效果分析

归一化水体指数（NDWI）是水体遥感反演的一种重要指标，其阈值及修正直接影响反演结果的精度。基于Landsat-8与GF-1光学多光谱影像，使用归一化水体指数法阈值0（TH₀）、最大类间方差法（OTSU）自适应阈值（TH_otsu）与均值漂移聚类算法（Mean-Shift）自适应阈值（TH_MS）分别对典型正常水体、云雾覆盖水体、富营养化水体、高含泥沙水体进行水体遥感提取与效果分析，结果表明：正常水体以TH₀为阈值提取精度最高，THMS提取精度次之，TH_otsu提取精度最差；而云雾覆盖水体、富营养化水体以及含泥沙水体使用THMS提取精度最高，尤其少量云雾覆盖下的水体，TH_MS具有更明显的优势，TH₀提取精度次之，TH_otsu提取精度最差；对于不同的阈值，Land?sat-8比GF-1总体表现出更高的水体提取精度。Mean-Shift算法应用于NDWI阈值修正与水体遥感反演具有快速、水质适应性强、效果稳定的优势，对尤其是复杂条件下的水体信息遥感反演具有较好的提取效果。     

Effect of height on the corrosion of steel and galvanized steel in nontropical coastal marine environments

In this study, the behavior of carbon steel and galvanized steel in nontropical coastal marine environments was evaluated. Evaluation was carried out with specimens with dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.3 cm. These specimens were exposed to four testing stations (Iquique, Mejillones, Los Vilos, and San Vicente), where racks were installed both at ground level (ground), as well as in the upper zone of electrical transmission towers (tower). In each station, 24 specimens of A36 carbon steel and galvanized steel were placed (12 each). The corrosivity of the environment was measured using the ISO 9223, 9225, and 9226 standards. The specimens were evaluated on-site, monthly, through visual inspection and photographic record. Once withdrawn, the corrosion rate was determined and the corrosion products were analyzed through Raman and Fourier-transform infrared. The results show that, in all cases, the corrosion rate is greater in the tower than on the ground. However, even though the Los Vilos station is located farther from the sea (3,500 vs. ≈500 m), the corrosion rate of steel in the tower is the highest. This is caused by the generation of HCl from the transformation of lepidocrocite into goethite, in the presence of low chloride content, which acidifies the steel/corrosion product interface. In the case of galvanized steel, the corrosion rate is a function of the chloride content in the atmosphere, obtaining an excellent correlation between both parameters.     

大采高综放工作面强动压端头顶板控制技术

为了解决大采高综放工作面回风侧端头顶板控制问题,针对马道头矿8211工作面的地质情况,通过对回风顺槽超前注浆加固,提高超前支护范围和支护强度,并对回风侧端头三角区煤壁和顶板进行化学浆加固的技术方案,有效控制了顺槽超前区围岩变形和工作面回风侧端头三角区煤壁片帮,保证了工作面端头区顶板安全。     

Numerical investigation on the electronic components' cooling for different coolants by finite element method

In this study, we conducted a numerical simulation to examine the cooling performance of an aluminum finned heat sink attached to a silicon chip, placed in a chamber of a rectangular cross-section. The heat sink is cooled by convective heat transfer utilizing nine commercially available gaseous coolants, namely air, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, freon12 vapor, propane, and ammonia. To select an appropriate coolant for electronic devices in terms of thermal–hydraulic performance, the maximum temperature on the chip domain and the associated pressure drop in the cooling channel as a function of coolant velocity are analyzed for the aforementioned fluids. It has been found that the minimum temperature is recorded for propane and freon12 vapor, which is approximately 31.1°C, for a coolant velocity of 0.5 m/s, but freon12 vapor shows the highest pressure drop, approximately 900 mPa, among all coolants. In the overall velocity regime, hydrogen shows the best cooling performance in terms of both cooling capacity and hydrodynamic characteristics. But considering safety issues, helium can be a better alternative. This comprehensive study provides a better understanding of different coolant performances, which will aid engineers to develop an effective cooling technique to accommodate the inexorably rising power demand.     

径向弹簧蓄能密封结构最大接触应力的有限元分析

为研究径向弹簧蓄能密封结构的密封特性，针对典型径向弹簧蓄能密封结构，分析其密封机制以及O形弯曲金属螺旋弹簧的弹性特性；采用ANSYS有限元分析软件，建立典型弹簧蓄能密封结构的非线性有限元分析模型，对弹簧蓄能密封圈在不同压缩率、不同介质压力下的接触应力进行分析，研究在多种工况下最大接触应力的变化情况。结果表明：压缩率保持不变时，最大接触应力随着介质压力的增大而增大；介质压力保持不变时，随着压缩率的增大，最大接触应力先增大再减小。对压缩率、介质压力与最大接触应力的关系进行曲线拟合，可用于指导弹簧蓄能密封结构的精确设计。     

Destructive and non-destructive evaluation of concrete for optimum sand to aggregate volume ratio

Aggregates are the biggest contributor to concrete volume and are a crucial parameter in dictating its mechanical properties. As such, a detailed experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of sand-to-aggregate volume ratio (s/a) on the mechanical properties of concrete utilizing both destructive and non-destructive testing (employing UPV (ultrasonic pulse velocity) measurements). For investigation, standard cylindrical concrete samples were made with different s/a (0.36, 0.40, 0.44, 0.48, 0.52, and 0.56), cement content (340 and 450 kg/m³), water-to-cement ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and maximum aggregate size (12 and 19 mm). The effect of these design parameters on the 7, 14, and 28 d compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and UPV of concrete were assessed. The careful analysis demonstrates that aggregate proportions and size need to be optimized for formulating mix designs; optimum ratios of s/a were found to be 0.40 and 0.44 for the maximum aggregate size of 12 and 19 mm, respectively, irrespective of the W/C (water-to-cement) and cement content.     

两次喷射对正丁醇部分预混燃烧影响的试验研究

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上进行了预主喷两次喷射策略对正丁醇部分预混燃烧影响的试验研究。研究结果表明:正丁醇燃料实现部分预混燃烧相对汽油燃料对喷射时刻较敏感,最大压力升高率高,稳定运行范围窄,但未燃碳氢、氮氧化物和碳烟排放较低;预主喷两次喷射能有效降低正丁醇部分预混燃烧最大压力升高率,随着预主喷间隔的增大,最大压力升高率先快速降低后上升,预喷射比例越大,获得最低压力升高率对应的预主喷间隔越大;通过优化预主喷两次喷射策略,能显著改善正丁醇部分预混燃烧可控性差、最大压力升高率高的问题,从而有利于实现更大工况范围内的高效燃烧。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的波浪发电系统反步法最优功率跟踪控制

常规变速控制系统的精度不高,变换器晶闸管开关动作产生的高频纹波较大,为此提出一种基于卡尔曼滤波的反步控制方法。文章通过分析波浪能提取装置的受力及幅频特性,获取了波浪能转化效率最大化的控制条件,并搭建了一套基于卡尔曼滤波的波浪发电反步最优功率控制系统。通过仿真研究了3种控制方法的控制精度和有效性,仿真结果表明:低通滤波反步法存在相位延迟,不能满足最大功率捕获策略的相位条件,影响系统的最终有功功率输出;反步法的跟踪误差较大,导致系统输出的有功功率较低;卡尔曼滤波反步法的动态性能较好,跟踪电流的波形振幅较小,能保证系统全局收敛,在电机速度方向、幅值和频率突变的情况下,仍能快速准确跟踪给定信号,鲁棒性和抗干扰能力更好。