Active tuned mass damper for damping of offshore wind turbine vibrations

An active tuned mass damper (ATMD) is employed for damping of tower vibrations of fixed offshore wind turbines, where the additional actuator force is controlled using feedback from the tower displacement and the relative velocity of the damper mass. An optimum tuning procedure equivalent to the tuning procedure of the passive tuned mass damper combined with a simple procedure for minimizing the control force is employed for determination of optimum damper parameters and feedback gain values. By time domain simulations conducted in an aeroelastic code, it is demonstrated that the ATMD can be used to further reduce the structural response of the wind turbine compared with the passive tuned mass damper and this without an increase in damper mass. A limiting factor of the design of the ATMD is the displacement of the damper mass, which for the ATMD, increases to compensate for the reduction in mass. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid damper with stroke amplification for damping of offshore wind turbines

The magnitude of tower vibrations of offshore wind turbines is a key design driver for the feasibility of the monopile support structure. A novel control concept for the damping of these tower vibrations is proposed, where viscous‐type hybrid dampers are installed at the bottom of the wind turbine tower. The proposed hybrid damper consists of a passive viscous dashpot placed in series with a load cell and an active actuator. By integrated force feedback control of the actuator motion, the associated displacement amplitude over the viscous damper can be increased compared with the passive viscous case, hereby significantly increasing the feasibility of viscous dampers acting at the bottom of the wind turbine tower. To avoid drift in the actuator displacement, a filtered time integration of the measured force signal is introduced. Numerical examples demonstrate that the filtered time integration control leads to performance similar to that of passive viscous damping and substantial amplification of the damper deformation without actuator drift. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冲刷条件下砂土中单桩水平循环加载模型试验

近海风机大直径单桩在波浪的作用下承受水平循环荷载,并产生冲刷效应。采用一套可施加大周数循环荷载的试验装置,探究砂土中冲刷深度与加载路径耦合作用下大直径单桩累积变形特性与位移预测模型。通过对试验结果归一化和回归分析,得到位移预测模型,其为循环次数的幂指数和初次循环累计位移两者的乘积。研究发现,幂指数受加载路径和冲刷深度的影响较小;初次循环累积位移由两个相互独立的参数决定,即荷载峰值和控制循环幅值的荷载类型。荷载峰值受冲刷深度影响,荷载类型与冲刷深度无耦合关系。试验得到的位移预测模型的幂指数和初次循环累积位移公式可用于单桩长期水平循环累积位移的预测。     

用循环三轴试验分析海上风力发电机单桩基础侧向位移

为了开发洁净的再生能源,海上风力发电已成为欧洲各国积极研究的重点。一个足以承受长期波浪及风力的基础设施是让风力发电设施在使用年限内正常运转的必要条件。目前欧洲海上风力发电设计案例中,大口径的钢管桩是一种最常被运用的海上风力发电机基础型式。然而,目前工程界普遍使用的p–y曲线分析法并不适用于评估此种大口径单桩受长期侧向力的行为。特别针对砂性土壤,提出了应用室内三轴循环试验的结果评估单桩在单向循环侧向力下的变形方法。应用室内循环三轴试验所得的塑性应变增加量推求土壤的割线衰减刚度,再导入三维有限元素数值模型的方法,可以得到桩身在循环侧向力下的位移。此种方法非常适用于海上风力发电机单桩基础在均匀及层状土壤中侧向行为的初步工程设计。更多还原 AbstractFilter('ChDivSummary','ChDivSummaryMore','ChDivSummaryReset');     

Seismic evaluation of offshore wind turbine by geotechnical centrifuge test

As offshore wind turbines are now planned to be installed at seismic activity areas around Asia in large numbers, understanding of the seismic behavior of offshore wind turbine has become essential to evade structural hazards due to earthquake. Although the seismic behavior of the structure is largely affected by soil‐foundation‐structure interaction (SFSI), there is only a few experimental data about this subject as conventional offshore wind turbines are mostly located in the area where earthquakes are scarce. Geotechnical centrifuge experiment can provide reliable experimental data for this subject as it can reproduce field stress condition of the soil and simulate earthquake motion in a scaled model test. In this research, three case studies using centrifuge model test were performed to evaluate the seismic behavior of offshore wind turbine during the earthquake and permanent deformation after the earthquake. The results were compared with conventional seismic evaluation methods. Monopile, Monopod, and Tripod foundations were chosen for the experiment. Peak acceleration and rotational displacement of the wind turbine for three cases were evaluated under various intensities of seismic loading applied by centrifuge‐mounted shaking table. Results were compared with conventional evaluation method for design acceleration and conventional rotational displacement criteria suggested in DNV‐OS‐J101.     

Nonlinear soil‐pile interaction for offshore wind turbines

The current work presents a parametric study, which involves different generalized nonlinear mechanical formulations with different damping characteristics to account for the interaction between a monopile‐supported offshore wind turbine and the surrounding soil. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that recently developed nonlinear mechanical models used so far for the simulation of high‐damping rubber isolators are introduced to describe the nonlinear hysteretic soil behavior. More specifically, the first generalized mechanical model consists of a combination of elastoplastic and trilinear elastic elements (labeled as model 3), while the second model consists of trilinear hysteretic models connected in parallel with trilinear elastic springs and hysteretic dampers used to ensure that the unloading stiffness will be as close as possible to the initial stiffness of the system (labeled as model 4). These newly developed models are compared with well‐known models within the industry, namely, a model that comprises elastoplastic elements (labeled as model 1) and a model that comprises trilinear elastic springs (labeled as model 2). All these models provide exactly the same effective stiffness, but on the other hand different levels of damping are involved in each one of them. The goal of the present work is 3‐fold, introducing novel mechanical models for the simulation of soil behavior, to investigate the effect of different soil damping levels in the response of offshore wind turbines and to highlight the limitations of the commonly used models within the industry. To this end, the differences between the response due to different levels of damping characteristics and modeling approaches are shown, highlighting the importance of soil damping in the overall response of the system.     

水平受荷大直径单桩的桩土作用分析

大直径单桩现广泛应用于近海风电基础中。为抵抗水平推力,采用在桩侧设置翼缘的办法。通过建立大直径薄壁钢管桩三维有限差分模型,对水平推力作用下的大直径单桩的桩-土作用进行分析,并考虑桩侧翼缘对桩-土相互作用规律的影响。最后对翼缘进行参数分析,得出一些对工程实际有益的结果。     

Long‐term loads for a monopile‐supported offshore wind turbine

Accurate prediction of long‐term ‘characteristic’ loads associated with an ultimate limit state for design of a 5‐MW bottom‐supported offshore wind turbine is the focus of this study. Specifically, we focus on predicting the long‐term fore–aft tower bending moment at the mudline and the out‐of‐plane bending moment at the blade root of a monopile‐supported shallow‐water offshore wind turbine. We employ alternative probabilistic predictions of long‐term loads using inverse reliability procedures in establishing the characteristic loads for design. Because load variability depends on the environmental conditions (defining the wind speed and wave height), we show that long‐term predictions that explicitly account for such load variability are more accurate, especially for environmental states associated with above‐rated wind speeds and associated wave heights. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海上单桩风机结构冰激振动响应分析

针对冰区海上单桩风机易发生冰激振动的问题,以NREL 5MW风机为对象,详细开展其在风 冰联合作用下的动力响应研究。基于叶素动量理论,考虑Prandtl叶尖损失修正和Grauert修正,利用MATLAB编程计算获得叶片空气动力载荷;基于Määttänen自激振动模型,采用APDL开发冰区风机自激振动分析程序;基于我国渤海某海域冰情参数,从时域和频域对不同风 冰角下的风机结构动力响应特征进行分析,确定冰激锁频振动的冰速区间,并给出风机结构的最大位移响应振幅、基础倾覆力矩以及结构等效应力分布,结果表明：低冰速和高冰速下,风机塔顶与基础环顶的振动特性不同,中冰速时均表现为稳态的简谐振动;在常遇和极端冰厚下,均发生一阶锁频振动,对应的锁频冰速范围分别为0.01～0.06m/s和0.03～0.09m/s;锁频时,风机塔顶动力响应显著,两种冰厚下塔顶最大振幅分别1.425m和1.454m,最大等效应力响应分别为146MPa和183MPa,基础结构面外弯矩响应分别为243MN和358MN。文中研究结论和结果可为相似冰区海域同类风机结构的设计与优化提供技术参考。     

海上风机单桩基础疲劳损伤计算方法

为提高海上风机基础疲劳损伤计算的准确性,评价不同计算方法的适用性和影响,以海上风机单桩基础为例进行疲劳评价,建立全时域的动力分析模型和基于功率谱密度函数的频域疲劳损伤计算流程,研究气动阻尼比取值、风与波浪联合作用、应力幅概率分布模型对基础疲劳损伤的影响. 结果表明：基础疲劳损伤受气动阻尼比影响突出,风致疲劳损伤对气动阻尼比的敏感性大于浪致疲劳损伤;由于风与波浪联合作用对基础的疲劳损伤有较大影响,简单叠加风致疲劳损伤和浪致疲劳损伤得到的结果较风与波浪联合作用时偏小;确定合适的应力幅概率分布模型十分必要,频域法中采用Dirlik模型得到的风致疲劳损伤和采用快速傅里叶逆变换（IFFT）的浪致疲劳损伤分别与时域法的结果相近,但叠加的总疲劳损伤小于风与波浪联合作用时的总疲劳损伤.