Sorting Second-Grade Students: Differentiating Those Retained From Those Promoted.

A cohort of 2nd-grade students provided comparisons of academic and social competence based on school retention/promotion decisions. Sample groups were (a) retained, (b) at risk for retention, (c) special education, and (d) promoted. Findings suggested most children with academic deficiencies are identified by schools early and are sorted into educational treatments differing in intensity that represent a continuum of competence. The authors provide empirical evidence counter to the assumptions that retained students have the requisite ability to catch up and have more problem behaviors than other low-achieving students. The relevance of high-stakes test scores for promotion/retention decisions and the parallels between schools' implementation of retention policy and implementation of regulations for identifying children with disabilities are included in the discussion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

硬质合金长条薄片弯曲变形的控制

从毛坯厚度差、装舟方式、冷却速度、舟皿涂料等方面分析了YG8和J12硬质合金长条薄片的弯曲变形原因,提出了几种抑制弯曲变形的措施。     

Optimal size,hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate of biogas unit using water hyacinth

With a view to evaluate the effects of hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate on methane production using water hyacinth, experiments were conducted in a 160 dm³ capacity, well-mixed continuous digestion unit at ambient temperature. The optimal design of biogas plant using water hyacinth was elucidated, to provide a unit giving a maximum methane yield of 0.16 nm³ kg^?1 volatile solids added, which was 60% greater than the conventional plant using cowdung. The calculations of optimal design factors were based on reactor size, hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate; considerations were made of capital cost, running costs and operational revenue.     

Influences of land use/cover on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of River Njoro, Kenya

Data from 10 sampling sites along the River Njoro are used to examine the contribution of nutrients from upstream land uses draining each of the sampling sites. The data also are used to assess whether both the proportion of land uses and the size of the subwatersheds account for the variability in water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Geographical Information System analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of land‐cover types and subwatersheds contributing run‐off to the sampling sites in the River Njoro. Standard Digital Elevation Model‐based routines were used to establish the watershed area contributing run‐off to each sampling site. Water and sediment samples were collected for chemical analysis, and the nutrient levels were related to the upstream land‐use types and the size of the subwatersheds. The mid‐stream portion of the River Njoro (near Egerton University) accounts for the highest nutrient contributions. The percentage contribution is magnified by additions from industrial, human settlements and agricultural land uses around the University. There is a significant decrease in nutrient levels downstream, however, indicating natural purification as the river flows through an area of large‐scale farming with intense, well‐preserved riparian and in‐stream vegetation. Steep slopes of the land upstream of Egerton University enhance erosion and nutrient losses from those subwatersheds. Mixed small‐scale agricultural and bare lands contribute over 55% of the phosphorus load to the upper and mid‐reaches of the River Njoro. The size of the subwatershed accounts for about 53% of the variability in the soluble phosphorus in the river. The land‐use subwatershed proportions are important for characterizing and modelling water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Upland land uses are as important as near‐stream land uses. We suggest that conservation of intact riparian corridor along the river and its tributaries contributes significantly to natural purification processes and recovery of the ecological integrity of the River Njoro ecosystem.     

高沸石配比陶瓷纤维复合纸制备中助留剂的选择

考察了沸石复合纸板制备中助留剂对无机物留着的影响。结果表明,PDADMAC或A-PAM单元体系、PVAm/A-PAM二元助留体系的作用效果差,PDADMAC/A-PAM二元助留体系的留着效果显著,PDADMAC的相对分子质量对留着效果的影响不大,PDADMAC与A-PAM的电荷量比是决定无机物留着的主要因素,本研究的条件下,最佳正负电荷量比为3.0～5.0。     

基于MAX6361的掉电保持电路的设计

三星公司推出的微处理器S3C44BOX在嵌入式系统中得到了广泛应用．本文提出了由S3C4480X．IS62WV25616BLL和MAX6361组成的掉电保持电路的设计原理．重点介绍了MAX6361微处理器监控电路的工作特性。此电路可实现电源监控．处理器复位、电源自动切换及掉电时的数据保持等功能。     

水土保持工程施工阶段的设计变更

通过对水土保持工程施工阶段设计变更原因的分析，指出水土保持生态工程施工阶段变更的必要性和建设、监理单位对变更管理的重要性。通过对变更设计的程序和原则进行的分析，阐述了变更设计涉及的几个主要问题。     

Consistency retention method for CNC machine tool digital twin model

Computer Numerical Control Machine Tool (CNCMT) Digital Twin (DT) model is a carrier for complex, time-varying, coupled data of CNCMT, which can theoretically provide a time-varying high-fidelity model. However, there are still many difficulties in its implementation process. And the key issue is how to realize the updated DT model with performance attenuation and validate it. In order to solve this problem, a model consistency retention method for CNCMT DT model is studied and proposed in this paper. Firstly, the framework of consistency retention method for DT model is designed including both digital space and physical space. The principles of data management and performance attenuation update in digital space are elaborated. Then, the implementation method for consistency retention of CNCMT DT model is studied in terms of performance attenuation update workflow for wear and other damage separately. Finally, a case study for the establishment and application of high-fidelity test bench DT model that focusing on rolling guide-rail is carried out to show the implementation flow of the proposed method and verify its operability and effectiveness.     

Ethylene and Nitric Oxide Involvement in the Regulation of Fe and P Deficiency Responses in Dicotyledonous Plants

Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are two essential elements for plant growth. Both elements are abundant in soils but with poor availability for plants, which favor their acquisition by developing morphological and physiological responses in their roots. Although the regulation of the genes related to these responses is not totally known, ethylene (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) have been involved in the activation of both Fe-related and P-related genes. The common involvement of ET and NO suggests that they must act in conjunction with other specific signals, more closely related to each deficiency. Among the specific signals involved in the regulation of Fe- or P-related genes have been proposed Fe-peptides (or Fe ion itself) and microRNAs, like miR399 (P), moving through the phloem. These Fe- or P-related phloem signals could interact with ET/NO and confer specificity to the responses to each deficiency, avoiding the induction of the specific responses when ET/NO increase due to other nutrient deficiencies or stresses. Besides the specificity conferred by these signals, ET itself could confer specificity to the responses to Fe- or P-deficiency by acting through different signaling pathways in each case. Given the above considerations, there are preliminary results suggesting that ET could regulate different nutrient responses by acting both in conjunction with other signals and through different signaling pathways. Because of the close relationship among these two elements, a better knowledge of the physiological and molecular basis of their interaction is necessary to improve their nutrition and to avoid the problems associated with their misuse. As examples of this interaction, it is known that Fe chlorosis can be induced, under certain circumstances, by a P over- fertilization. On the other hand, Fe oxides can have a role in the immobilization of P in soils. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the dynamic of known Fe- and P-related genes expression, selected ad hoc and involved in each of these deficiencies, would allow us to get a profound knowledge of the processes that regulate the responses to both deficiencies. The better knowledge of the regulation by ET of the responses to these deficiencies is necessary to properly understand the interactions between Fe and P. This will allow the obtention of more efficient varieties in the absorption of P and Fe, and the use of more rational management techniques for P and Fe fertilization. This will contribute to minimize the environmental impacts caused by the use of P and Fe fertilizers (Fe chelates) in agriculture and to adjust the costs for farmers, due to the high prices and/or scarcity of Fe and P fertilizers. This review aims to summarize the latest advances in the knowledge about Fe and P deficiency responses, analyzing the similarities and differences among them and considering the interactions among their main regulators, including some hormones (ethylene) and signaling substances (NO and GSNO) as well as other P- and Fe-related signals.