我国主产区油茶持久性有机污染物分布特征及相关性研究

为了明确油茶中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染分布特征,利用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)对我国主产区45个采样点135批次油茶果不同部位及对应油茶林土壤进行16种多环芳烃(PAHs)、18种多氯联苯(PCBs)和21种有机氯(OCPs)污染水平分析。同时分析油茶籽仁和油茶林土壤中主要POPs之间相关性。结果表明:油茶果各部位及油茶林土壤PAHs污染以萘、苊烯、苊萘嵌戊烷、荧蒽等低环PAHs污染较为明显;PCBs污染程度很轻,含量均在1μg/kg以下;OCPs污染主要为狄氏剂、毒杀芬、α-六六六、硫丹、异狄氏剂和艾氏剂。油茶籽仁中荧蒽与菲具有强正相关(R~2=0.90);油茶林土壤中芴与菲,■与苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘和苯并(a)蒽,PCB138与茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘,PCB180与苯并(g,h,i)苝,p,p′-DDE与o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDD之间均具有较强相关性(R~2=0.81～0.98)。     

Spurenstoffabtrennung mit keramischen Nanofiltrationsmembranen als Rotationsscheibenfilter

Reducing micropollutant pollution of water bodies is an important objective of water management and an integral part of environmental policy. Ceramic nanofiltration membranes were developed as multichannel membranes of increased membrane area and rotating disk filters. The membranes developed show retention of over 80 % for PEG 400. The membranes are currently being tested for the separation of micropollutants from wastewater contaminated with pharmaceuticals. With the help of a downstream oxidative process, the trace substances remaining in the permeate are degraded.     

Particulate matter emitted from ultrasonic humidifiers—Chemical composition and implication to indoor air

Household humidification is widely practiced to combat dry indoor air. While the benefits of household humidification are widely perceived, its implications to the indoor air have not been critically appraised. In particular, ultrasonic humidifiers are known to generate fine particulate matter (PM). In this study, we first conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the size, quantity, and chemical composition of PM generated by an ultrasonic humidifier. The mass of PM generated showed a correlation with the total alkalinity of charge water, suggesting that CaCO₃ is likely making a major contribution to PM. Ion chromatography analysis revealed a large amount of SO₄²⁻ in PM, representing a previously unrecognized indoor source. Preliminary results of organic compounds being present in humidifier PM are also presented. A whole-house experiment was further conducted at an actual residential house, with five low-cost sensors (AirBeam) monitoring PM in real time. Operation of a single ultrasonic humidifier resulted in PM_2.5 concentrations up to hundreds of μg m⁻³, and its influence extended across the entire household. The transport and loss of PM_2.5 depended on the rate of air circulation and ventilation. This study emphasizes the need to further investigate the impact of humidifier operation, both on human health and on the indoor atmospheric chemistry, for example, partitioning of acidic and basic compounds.     

基于空气质量模拟的江苏省大气污染物排放清单比较研究

大气污染物排放清单是空气质量模拟和空气污染治理的重要依据.本研究比较分析了两套覆盖江苏省的2017年大气污染物排放清单，即分别由上海市环境科学研究院、江苏省环境科学研究院编制的"长三角清单"和"江苏省清单"，并结合区域空气质量模型CMAQ评估不同清单对长三角地区2017年1、4、7、10月的空气质量模拟的影响.清单比较结果表明，除二氧化硫（SO₂）以外，江苏省清单估算的各污染物排放量较长三角清单低.通过与观测数据比较，发现两套清单对SO₂、氮氧化物（NO_x）、臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的模型模拟性能均较好.江苏省清单与长三角清单两者的模拟结果空间分布接近，其中江苏省清单模拟的PM_2.5和O₃在长三角多数地区略低于长三角清单的模拟结果（1月O₃除外）.江苏省清单与长三角清单均能够用于空气质量模式模拟，可为江苏地区的细颗粒物和光化学烟雾污染的控制策略制定提供参考.     

MOF assisted synthesis of a Ho2O3/CNT nanocomposite photocatalyst for organic pollutants degradation

In this work, a holmium oxide (Ho₂O₃/CNT) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized through a MOF assisted route for the first time. The effects of the morphology and purity on the photocatalytic behavior of the products, were investigated by determining various physicochemical properties. The Ho₂O₃/CNT nanocomposite was systematically analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy studies. The Ho₂O₃ derived from a MOF assisted synthetic route using Ho(NO₃)₃·5H₂O and terephthalic acid with a 1:1 M ratio at a temperature of 750 °C for 3 h prove the most advantageous, 98% degradation of 20 mg/L aqueous tetracycline pollutant was observed within 60 min. The elevated photocatalytic activity was mainly attributable to the unique synthetic route, improved crystallinity, wide UV-light absorption rate and excellent adsorption capabilities of CNT, as well as enhanced oxygen deficiency. The photocatalytic results confirm that the Ho₂O₃/CNT nanocomposite is an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic tetracycline pollutant and is thus suitable for use in environmental remediation.     

α-Bi2O3/β-Ni(OH)2 composites: Effective solar light photocatalysts for organic pollutants degradation

α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites exhibited perfect photocatalytic properties for organic pollutants degradation under sunlight irradiation. Pure α-Bi₂O₃ and β-Ni(OH)₂ were prepared by coprecipitation method and then mechanically mixed in different proportions to form α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites. The XRD and FTIR analyses have well emphasized the formation of monoclinic α-Bi₂O₃ and hexagonal β-Ni(OH)₂ phases with high crystallinity. The SEM micrographs of α-Bi₂O₃ and β-Ni(OH)₂ powders displayed a rod and sheet shaped grains, respectively. The band gap of the pure α-Bi₂O₃ was estimated to be 2.87 eV. Pure β-Ni(OH)₂ revealed three absorption bands in the UV–visible light region. α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites have a more intense absorption in the visible light region compared to pure α-Bi₂O₃ sample. Modification of α-Bi₂O₃ by β-Ni(OH)₂ induced a superior photocatalytic activity especially at β-Ni(OH)₂ content of 12 wt% in α-Bi₂O₃ (BN-12 composite). This composite showed high efficiencies of 99%, 96%, 91% and 90% for methylene blue, Congo red, methyl orange and 4-niropheniol degradation in 80, 80, 180 and 300 min under sunlight irradiation, respectively. The remarkable photocatalytic activity of the α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composite was attributed to the new states in charge separation, charge transportation and the intensive absorption of visible light. α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composite (BN-12) has a great potential in removing of cationic and anionic dyes beside phenolic compounds from wastewater.     

土壤中石油污染物的脱附过程

文章中主要采用有机溶剂萃取法（OSE）对高浓度石油污染土壤进行修复，经过精馏操作，有效回收原油，建立脱附等温曲线，研究了石油污染物在土壤-有机溶剂两相间的迁移规律。     

Estimates of pollutant temporal and spatial variability in commercial buildings from the joint urban 2003 field experiments

In this paper, we report on the indoor concentrations from a suite of full-scale outdoor tracer-gas point releases conducted in the downtown area of Oklahoma City in 2003. A point release experiment consisted of releases of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) in multiple buildings and from different outdoor locations. From the measurements, we are able to estimate the concentration variations indoors for a building operating under “typical” operating conditions. The mean indoor spatial coefficients of variation are 30% to 45% from a daytime outdoor release are around 80% during an outdoor evening release. Having estimates of the spatial coefficient of variation provides stakeholders, including first responders, with the likely range of concentrations in the building when little is known about the building characteristics and operating behavior, such as developing urban-scale hazard and consequence analyses. We show differences in indoor measurements at different distances to the release points, floors of the building, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC) operation. We also show estimates at different time resolutions. The statistics show that in the studied medium to large commercial buildings, spatial differences would result in peak indoor concentrations in certain parts of the buildings that may be substantially higher than the building average. To our knowledge, very few tracer gas measurements have been conducted in buildings of this scope, particularly with measurements on multiple floors and within a floor. The resulting estimates of spatial variability provide a unique opportunity for hazard assessment, and comparison to multi-zone models.     

Photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen evolution using bismuth tungstate based nanocomposites under visible light irradiation

In this work, Bi₂WO₆/PANI composites were synthesized for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from urban wastewater and production of hydrogen energy in the absence of sacrificial agents. The experimental study visualizes the formation of 2D based nanostructures and perceived that these nanostructures could provide more photocatalytic active-sites for removal of CIP and also increase the oxidation/reduction of water for hydrogen energy production. The PXRD showed excellent crystallinity/orthorhombic structure with crystallite size 10–23 nm. The Bi₂WO₆/PANI composites, compared to Bi₂WO₆, exhibited higher efficiency and stability for degradation of CIP and production of hydrogen energy. CIP was effectively degraded 98% by Bi₂WO₆/PANI (5%) and the effect of different parameters such as pH, catalyst-concentration, and effect of CIP-concentration was also analyzed. The hydrogen energy rate was 490.56 h⁻¹g⁻¹ by using Bi₂WO₆/PANI (5%). The improved photocatalytic performance of Bi₂WO₆/PANI composite was mainly ascribed to the unique hierarchical structures, harvesting extended absorption of visible light, higher surface area, and higher crystallinity. The current findings may provide new insights to fabricate nanomaterials for environmental and energy issues.