Benefits to 0+ fishes of connecting man‐made waterbodies to the lower River Trent,England

Floodplain waterbodies are reputed to enhance recruitment of riverine fish populations via provision of spawning and nursery habitat, refuge from floods, and increased availability of planktonic food resources compared with main river channels. Notwithstanding, there have been few parallel studies of fishes and their food resources at both main river and floodplain sites. Thus, this study investigated the 0+ fishes, zooplankton and phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) at four main river and four (man‐made) floodplain sites on the lower River Trent, England, between May 1999 and October 2004 inclusive. All sites shared the same key fish species, and there were no consistent differences in the densities, growth or condition of 0+ fishes from main river and floodplain sites. Similarly, all sites shared the same key zooplankton taxa. However, zooplankton densities, notably of large‐bodied cladocerans, and chlorophyll a concentrations, were significantly higher at floodplain sites than at main river sites. Thus, connection of man‐made waterbodies has the potential to enhance recruitment of riverine fish populations via provision of important spawning and nursery habitat, and superior feeding opportunities for 0+ fishes compared with main river channels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

《关于加强嫩江松花江近期防洪建设的若干意见》论证概要

水利部《关于加强嫩江松花江近期防洪建设的若干意见》近期已由国务院办公厅批转有关省、自治区和国务院有关部门执行。本文简单介绍了《关于加强嫩江松花江近期防洪建设的若干意见》编制过程中对设计洪水、防洪标准、工程布局和非工程措施的论证情况和主要结论。     

Constraints on benthic algal response to nutrient addition in oligotrophic mountain rivers

Nutrient availability has long been considered one of the most important factors regulating production of benthic algae in oligotrophic rivers; yet, empirical relationships do not have as wide an application as similar models derived for lentic systems. The aim of this research was to derive empirical relationships between nutrient concentrations and benthic algal abundance and to identify commonalities with other studies to improve our understanding of constraints on algae in oligotrophic rivers. Surveys of physical, chemical and biological attributes of oligotrophic mountain rivers in spring, summer and autumn for 2 years confirmed that small amounts of anthropogenic phosphorus (0.1–5.6 µg/L total phosphorus (TP)) resulted in 4‐ to 30‐fold increases in abundance of benthic algae and benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Algal accrual along a gradient in nutrient availability was not masked by grazing pressure but was positively correlated with abundance of scrapers. Epilithic abundance was highest downstream of anthropogenic nutrient sources in autumn. We concluded that benthic algal abundance in these mountain rivers was weakly correlated with phosphorus availability if light was not limiting but ultimately controlled by temperature and river discharge. Therefore, we recommend more direct measures of nutrient limitation be used to predict changes in ecological integrity at the lower end of the resource gradient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recognizing the importance of scale in the ecology and management of riverine fish

Processes affecting fish populations range in scale from local to global. Fish response is also scale‐dependent, with some activities varying locally while others depend on large‐scale connectivity within or between watersheds. These issues are still only partly recognized, with large‐scale research often affected by non‐independent sampling, weak inference, poor model testing or model over‐extrapolation. Available multi‐scale studies can reach different conclusions about factors affecting fishes from local studies, but results vary between examples. Potential explanations are (i) effects on fishes are context‐dependent; (ii) different species or life‐stages are limited in different ways; (iii) multi‐scale studies are too few for generalization. We advocate improved use of geostatistical tools to guide sampling or interpret the spatial extent of management problems, and we illustrate this using brown trout in Welsh streams. Our strongest recommendation is that fish ecologists recognize the importance of interactions across scales in quantifying effects on fishes so that management decisions can be better based on evidence rather than judgement or extrapolation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical and Isotopic Tracer Evaluation of Water Mixing and Evaporation in a Dammed Texas River During Drought

The interaction between drought and river regulation is monitored to better understand river flow mixing, evaporation and surface‐groundwater exchange in changing regional climates and in increasingly regulated waterways. This study compared Brazos River stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δD) and electrical conductivity values with reservoir, creek and aquifer samples in the Brazos watershed, the largest watershed in Texas. The combination of tributaries, rainfall and the Brazos River Alluvium Aquifer, on the one hand, and the Lake Whitney reservoir, on the other hand, represent endmembers of dilute run‐off water and evaporated saline water, respectively. A simple isotope mixing model that uses monthly river discharge, Lake Whitney discharge, historical monthly precipitation δ¹⁸O and pan evaporation accurately reconstructs river δ¹⁸O (±0.5‰ on average). Data and isotope balance modelling support continued evaporation of ¹⁸O‐enriched Lake Whitney water as it flows downstream, although the most evaporation took place in Lake Whitney. The difference between river and precipitation δ¹⁸O, or Δ¹⁸O_RIV‐_PPT, here a measurement of degree of evaporation, ranged from ?0.1‰ for a small creek, to 1.7‰ for the Brazos River, to at least 2.7‰ in Lake Whitney. This study indicates that drought in regulated rivers may enhance reservoir discharge dominance in river flows during peak drought conditions when combined run‐off and baseflow dominance would be expected in a similar undammed river. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

靳辅的治河理论和实践研究

康熙十六年(1677年)三月起,靳辅在任河道总督期间,黄河、淮河、运河治理取得明显的成效,黄河回归故道,淮河出流顺畅,漕运也畅通无阻。靳辅认为,治河必须通盘考虑,视河道、运河为一体,进行全面治理,才能长治久安。靳辅的治河思想虽然继承了潘季驯的理论,但又有所发挥。靳辅治河思想和工程的不足在于:一是没有考虑减少黄河泥沙来源问题,对徐州以上河南黄河修防也不够注意;二是和潘季驯一样,未能解决好淮水出路问题,使下河地区成为实际上的分蓄洪区,长年饱受内涝之苦。     

长江大保护与流域生态学

长江经济带发展的基本点是"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"。在梳理了长江流域主要生态环境问题基础上,从长江大保护的核心是统筹山水林田湖草、山水林田湖草生命共同体即是流域生态系统、流域生态系统是典型的集合生态系统的角度,论述了长江大保护与流域生态学的关系,并从科学研究、规划管理及教育宣传等方面展开思考提出建议,为实现长江大保护的国家需求提供服务。     

日本中小河流风险区域图制作方法

基于日本2005年针对中小河流制定的洪水淹没风险区域图制作指南,对日本中小河流洪水 淹没区域风险图的制作进行了较详细的介绍,其中归纳了其所需资料、洪水淹没分析方法和淹没区域 风险区域图的具体制作,对我国山区河流洪水风险区域图编制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

城镇河道景观规划设计研究——以都江堰博物馆园区河道景观设计为例

河道景观是城镇振兴的重要资源,开发河道景观对于提升城市环境质量、丰富城市景观内容、促进城市社会经济发展具有重要价值。自20世纪60年代环境改造运动兴起以来,城镇河道景观资源的开发受到普遍重视。出于对防洪、灌溉、航运、城市排水等因素的考虑,我国的城镇河道景观资源开发设计工作起步较晚,并且已有的河道景观开发大都千篇一律,流于形式。总结以往河道景观设计的经验教训,结合都江堰博物馆园区河道景观设计实践,提出城镇河道景观设计的思路和方法。