Effects of upholstery materials on the burning behavior of real‐scale residential upholstered furniture mock‐ups

Fire spread and growth on real‐scale four cushion mock‐ups of residential upholstered furniture (RUF) were investigated with the goal of identifying whether changes in five classes of materials (barrier, flexible polyurethane foam, polyester fiber wrap, upholstery fabric, and sewing thread), referred to as factors, resulted in statistically significant changes in burning behavior. A fractional factorial experimental design plus practical considerations yielded a test matrix with 20 material combinations. Experiments were repeated a minimum of two times. Measurements included fire spread rates derived from video recordings and heat release rates (HRRs). A total of 13 experimental parameters (3 based on the videos and 10 on the HRR results), referred to as responses, characterized the measurements. Statistical analyses based on Main Effects Plots (main effects) and Block Plots (main effects and factor interactions) were used. The results showed that three of the factors resulted in statistically significant effects on varying numbers of the 13 responses. The Barrier and Fabric factors had the strongest main effects with roughly comparable magnitudes. Foam was statistically significant for fewer of the responses and its overall strength was weaker than for Barrier and Fabric. No statistically significant main effects were identified for Wrap or Thread. Multiple two‐term interactions between factors were identified as being statistically significant. The Barrier*Fabric interaction resulted in the highest number of and strongest statistically significant effects. The existence of two‐term interactions means that it will be necessary to consider their effects in approaches designed to predict the burning behavior of RUF.     

地表径流速度对城市内涝影响规律

为分析地表径流速度对城市内涝的影响,采用一维地下排水管网与二维城区地形的动态耦合模型,选取大连市某排水区块作为研究区域,设置4种地表径流速度10种设计降雨场景,模拟分析在不同重现期设计降雨及不同地表径流速度下研究区的内涝积水特性。结果表明:随着地表径流速度降低,管道排水压力变小,管道排水达标率最高可提升48.05%,且降雨重现期越短,地表径流流速对管道排水压力的削减效果越明显;地表径流流速对检查井溢流量影响显著,随着地表径流速度降低,检查井溢流量峰值最高可减小2 750 m~3,峰现时间最长可滞后56 min,同时随着降雨重现期增长,地表径流流速对检查井溢流量的削减效果减弱;研究区低、高风险区淹没面积随地表径流速度降低,最高可分别减小1.64万、8.37万m~2,但中风险区淹没面积变化反复。     

基于低影响开发理念的雨水控制设计计算

文中介绍了某电影文化综合体项目采用的集中雨水控制利用技术:透水性地面铺装、屋顶绿化、下凹式绿地、微生态雨水处理回用一体机。通过合理划分汇水面积,结合项目实际情况,计算给出了在限定年径流总量控制率的条件下,合理采用多种手段联合,使项目符合《绿色建筑评价标准》(GB/T 50378—2014)中的场地生态设计要求,实现了海绵城市的控制目标,也为类似工程提供了参考思路。     

Electrodeposition of amorphous Ni–P layers,thermal treatment and corrosion behaviour

The investigation reported comprises an experimental study of the thermal and corrosion properties of electrodeposited nickel-phosphorus amorphous alloy layers. The structure of the species was determined by means of X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Samples with hypo- and hyper-eutectic compositions were synthesised out of modified classical and customised electrolytic solutions on copper substrates. The composition of the samples was determined via energy dispersive spectroscopy. A short review of the development of the composition of existing plating baths for Ni–P electrodeposition has also been presented. Thermal treatment of the samples has been carried out to crystallise the amorphous structure and to compare the thermal and the corrosion properties of the species with both types of structure. Differential thermal measurements were used to examine the thermal effects in the Ni–P samples obtained. The corrosion parameters of initial as-plated and thermally treated binary Ni–P alloy coatings were determined from Tafel plot analysis.     

基于径流污染控制目标为目的的分流制初期雨水调蓄池容积确定

鉴于初期雨水污染为地表水体的主要污染源之一,以儒乐湖初期雨水调蓄池容积确定为例,采用调蓄池工程措施进行截流,以V类水体标准为径流污染控制目标,在《室外排水设计规范》中控制径流污染的分流制初期雨水调蓄池计算公式的基础上,应用模型法模拟得出控制目标下的初期雨水径流累积深度及调蓄池容积。结果表明,截留径流累积深度为7mm,初期雨水调蓄池容积分别为9 250、5 850m^3时,研究区域内能够满足在管网重现期下排水水质达到V类水体标准。研究成果可为初期雨水截流工程实施提供建议及参考。     

年径流变化的BP神经网络预报模型研究

针对现有基于线性方法的年径流预报模型预报精度不高的问题,利用乌江洪家渡1963~2016年径流系列资料,以5~10月月平均流量作为预报影响因子,构建以年径流量为预报对象的BP神经网络模型,形成6-11-1的网络结构,并选取泛化能力强的贝叶斯规则法TRAINBR为训练函数。模拟结果表明,模型预报效果良好,对于年径流预报具有实用价值;BP神经网络模型相比逐步线性回归方法能更精确表达年径流预报因子与预报对象的映射关系;采用的训练函数TRAINBR能有效改善模型的泛化能力。研究成果可为径流预报提供参考。     

呼兰河流域河川径流年内分配变化特征分析

掌握河川径流年内分配变化特征对优化区域水资源利用具有重要意义。基于呼兰河流域兰西站1952~2014年逐月径流资料,分析了流域径流年内各季、各月分配情况,运用不均匀系数Cu、集中度Cd、绝对变化幅度ΔR和相对变化幅度Cm等指标分析了流域径流年内分配特征,并采用累积滤波器法、Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法分析了径流及其特征指标的历史、未来变化趋势。结果表明,呼兰河流域各季年代、年际径流量相差较大,各季径流量均呈减少变化;径流年内分布呈"单峰型",主要集中在4~10月,该时段平均径流量占到全年的94%以上;未来一段时间内,年、各季、1、5、6、8~12月径流量将表现为减少变化,其余时段呈增加变化;Cu、Cd、ΔR和Cm分别以-0.007/10a、0.004/10a、-0.511×108 m3/10a、-42.727/10a的趋向率变化,现在和未来的年内各月径流差异逐渐减小,径流年内分配趋于集中。流域内农业迅猛发展,尤其是灌溉用水的急剧增加,在一定程度上改变了流域河川径流年内分配特征。研究成果可为呼兰河流域水资源规划管理提供参考。     

1958～2017年右江出口径流量演变特征分析

为了分析右江1958~2017年出口径流量演变特征，选用线性趋势法、累积平距法、Morlet小波分析法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法等多种方法，从全年、汛期、枯水期三种情况分析了右江出口径流量的变化趋势性、周期性、突变性等特点，并探讨了不同情况演变特征差异的原因、水利枢纽建设的影响、近期变化的趋势。结果表明，年均径流量和汛期平均径流量序列整体呈下降趋势，枯水期平均流量序列整体呈上升趋势；年均径流量和汛期平均径流量序列第一主周期均为37年，枯水期平均径流量序列第一主周期为10年；由于金鸡滩水利枢纽施工建设，年均径流量序列在2004~2007年持续突变，汛期平均径流量序列在2007年发生突变，枯水期平均径流量未发生突变；三种情况演变特征存在差异性主要原因是人类对径流量的利用主要在枯水期；近期年均径流量将继续处于偏多状态，汛期平均径流量将由偏少状态转为偏多状态，枯水期平均径流量将持续保持偏少状态。     

蝗虫优化相关向量机模型在径流预测中的应用

针对径流序列不稳定导致预测精度不高的问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)和蝗虫优化算法(GOA)优化相关向量机(RVM)的组合径流预测模型。首先对原始非平稳的径流序列采用VMD得到若干个相对稳定的分量序列,再分别建立RVM预测模型,并采用GOA优化RVM中核函数的参数,最后累加所有分量的预测值得到径流序列的预测值。实例结果发现,较传统的BP神经网络、支持向量机及基于经验模态分解的支持向量机等模型,该模型预测精度更高,预测结果能为水电站的经济运行、水资源的有效利用等提供决策依据。