伶仃洋三维潮流输沙的数值模拟

作者使用垂向坐标变换技术，结合有限差分方法建立了三维潮流输沙的数学模型。为了增加模型的稳定性和减少数值耗散，对悬沙对流扩散方程中的水平对流项采用三阶迎风格式离散。应用本模型对伶仃洋的枯季和洪季的潮流输沙的悬沙场进行了数值模拟，将模拟结果与实测资料进行比较，二者吻合较好。模拟结果分析表明：伶仃洋悬沙运动主要集中在西滩，对伶仃航道影响不大；洪季水体含沙浓度高于枯季；水体含沙浓度沿水深存在浓度梯度，且洪季的浓度梯度明显大于枯季。     

Identification of gaps in mangrove forests with airborne LIDAR

Mangrove forests change frequently due to disturbances from tropical storms, frost, lightning, and insects. It has been suggested that the death and regeneration of trees in small gaps due to lightning may play a critical role in mangrove forest turnover; however, the large-scale quantification of spatial pattern and areas of gaps is lacking for investigating this issue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology provides an effective way for identifying gaps by remotely obtaining direct measurements of ground and canopy elevations. A method based on an alternative sequential filter and black top-hat mathematical morphological transformation was developed to extract gap features. Comparison of identified gap polygons with raw LIDAR measurements and field surveys shows that the proposed method successfully extracted gap features in mangrove forests in Everglades National Park. There are 400–500 lightning gaps per square kilometer in mangrove forests at the study sites. The distribution of gap sizes follows an exponential form and the area of gaps with sizes larger than 100 m² account for 55–61% of the total area of gaps. The area of gaps in the mangrove forest in Everglades National Park is about 4–5% of the total forest area and the average gap formation rate is about 0.3% of the total forest area per year, indicating that lightning gaps play an important role in mangrove forest dynamics.     

挟沙水流中沙粒对底壁湍流猝发的影响

本文在常规的边界层方程中保留了法向压力梯度项和增加了固粒对流体的使用项，结合Ｂａｔｃｈｅｏｌｒ对交界面提供的分析方法和小扰动稳定性理论，由理论分析和计算得到了包括沙粒之类的悬浮体的尺寸，比重，流动Ｒｅ数，两相速度差以及扰动波数与水流底壁湍流猝发角的关系，计算结果与Ｒａｓｈｉｄｉ等的实验结果相符。文中所得结果有助于进一步了解江河底部水流的流动特性以及泥沙的沉积和输运机理。     

Monitoring water quality in reservoirs with IRS-1A-LISS-I

An attempt has been made to quantify the relationship between the variation in IRS-IA-LISS-I (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System) radiance data and field measured change in secchi disc depth. Secchi disc depth was measured for 47 predetermined sampling locations on reservoir surface water. At extinction depth (secchi depth), water samples were collected from all the sampling locations. Suspended sediments of eight locations representing various reaches of the reservoir were selected for mineralogical, particle size and optical properties analysis. The LISS-I radiance value in band 1 (0.45–0.52µm) band 2 (0-52–0.59 µm) and band 3 (0.62–0.68 µm) were used in a regression analysis. The absorption infrared band 4 (0.77–0.86 µm) was not included in the analysis. In these, the dependable variable was secchi depth (SD) and the LISS-I-radiance data was the estimator variable. Forty-seven data sets of 20 October 1988 from Tawa reservoir surface water were used to obtain an estimator equation for SD. The verification of the estimator equation was tested by applying it to a data set of 21 measurements of 28 September 1988 for this reservoir. The coefficient of correlation between observed and estimated values for the 28 September 1988 data set wasr=0.92 for SD, indicating that the equation could accurately predict the water clarity (SD) for this reservoir on new occasions from IRS-IA-LISS-I spectral data. It is shown that mineral composition and optical properties of suspended sediments influence the reflected radiance of water quality. It is concluded that IRS-IA-LISS-I data provide a useful means of mapping water quality in reservoir.     

An empirical InSAR-optical fusion approach to mapping vegetation canopy height

Exploiting synergies afforded by a host of recently available national-scale data sets derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and passive optical remote sensing, this paper describes the development of a novel empirical approach for the provision of regional- to continental-scale estimates of vegetation canopy height. Supported by data from the 2000 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), the National Elevation Dataset (NED), the LANDFIRE project, and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001, this paper describes a data fusion and modeling strategy for developing the first-ever high-resolution map of canopy height for the conterminous U.S. The approach was tested as part of a prototype study spanning some 62,000 km² in central Utah (NLCD mapping zone 16). A mapping strategy based on object-oriented image analysis and tree-based regression techniques is employed. Empirical model development is driven by a database of height metrics obtained from an extensive field plot network administered by the USDA Forest Service-Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. Based on data from 508 FIA field plots, an average absolute height error of 2.1 m (r = 0.88) was achieved for the prototype mapping zone.     

柘溪水库泥沙淤积情况调查简介

通过对 1995年柘溪水库泥沙冲淤调查资料的分析 ,对比 196 3年建库时及 1974年库区泥沙冲淤情况 ,获得建库以来库区泥沙沉积率及其泥沙分布的关系曲线 ,可为已建或拟建的同类泥沙淤积分析提供参考。     

利用ADCP回波强度估算河流悬移质含沙量的应用研究

通过简要介绍利用声学多普勒水流剖面仪(ADCP)回波强度估算悬移质含沙量的基本原理,结合梧州水文站的应用实例,利用ADCP的回波强度数据和现场采集的水样含沙量建立相关关系,根据相关关系由回波强度反演估算的水体悬移质含沙量验证了利用ADCP的回波强度估算悬移质含沙量的可行性。应用于梧州水文站的实践表明,左河道推算的系统误差为-0.1%,右河道推算的系统误差为1.5%。这种方法具有不扰动流场、测量剖面同步性较好、数据空间分辨率较高的优点,与传统的取样过滤称量法相比,计算效率显著提高。     

连云港海域悬沙和表层沉积物交换研究

采用粒度谱计算方法分析连云港及邻近海域悬沙和表层沉积物交换特征,为徐圩防波堤口门布置和连云港港航道回淤研究提供理论支撑。连云港港主航道和徐圩航道5 m等深线以外的区域悬沙和表层沉积物交换率为0.1~0.2,表明航道回淤强度将处于较低水平,对今后航道维护有利;5 m等深线以内区域的交换率为0.3~0.4,悬沙落淤对航道回淤有一定贡献,表明该航道段回淤量相对较大,计算结果与实测航道回淤强度分布特征基本一致。灌河口沙嘴正常天气条件下交换率小于0.2,说明悬沙落淤对沙嘴的影响较小;5 m等深线以内破波带水域交换率大于0.5,表明悬沙和表层沉积物交换频繁。连云港港及邻近海域悬沙和表层沉积物交换主要为粒径小于62 μm的细颗粒组分。分析结果表明,为减少泥沙回淤对徐圩港区港池正常运行的影响,兴建防浪挡沙堤并将堤头布置在破波带之外十分必要。     

高分子助剂处理造纸污水的应用研究

采用动态滤水仪模拟造纸湿部滤水成型过程，对高分子助剂在木浆纸污水处理过程中的影响进行了初步的探讨。结果表明，对于木浆造纸污水，两性淀粉、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺、高分子助留剂SG01均能显著降低污水中的总固形物含量，污水的CODCr值也有一定程度的降低，添加1％的两性淀粉、150～200g／t的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺或0．9％的高分子助留剂SG01时，可使污水中的总固形物含量降低40％～55％；而CODCr的去除率则在40％～58％左右。