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《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(5):4171-4188
Based on modeling studies, a 1-yr calving interval for dairy cows is generally considered optimal from an economic point of view. Recently some dairy farmers are deliberately extending the voluntary waiting period for insemination (VWP) to extend the calving interval. Reasons to extend the VWP are to reduce the frequency of transitions such as dry-off and calving to improve health, to reduce labor associated with these transitions, and to reduce the number of surplus calves. This study aimed to evaluate yearly revenues, yearly costs, and yearly net partial cash flow (NPCF) for individual cows with a VWP of 50, 125, or 200 d based on data from a randomized control trial. The NPCF included revenues and costs for milk yield, calves born, inseminations, concentrate supply, partial mixed ration (PMR) supply, veterinary treatments, discarded milk due to veterinary treatments, culling, and labor (for milking, calving cows, inseminations, and veterinary treatments). Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 153) within one herd were blocked for parity, calving season, and expected (primiparous cows) or previous (multiparous cows) 305-d milk yield. Cows were randomly assigned within the blocks to 1 of 3 VWP (VWP50, VWP125, or VWP200) in wk 6 after calving, and monitored from wk 6 after calving until wk 6 after the next calving or until culling. Revenues and costs were calculated per individual cow and expressed per cow per year. Revenues from milk and costs for PMR and concentrate contributed most to the yearly NPCF. Total yearly revenues were greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€3,169 vs. €2,832), mainly because of €334 greater milk revenues. Total yearly costs were also greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€1,964 vs. €1,729), mainly because of €102 greater concentrate costs. The VWP was not significantly associated with the NPCF per cow per year. A change in milk, feed, or calf price, or a change in labor costs for calving cows or for inseminations had a greater effect on the yearly NPCF of cows in VWP50 compared with cows in VWP200. To investigate variation in NPCF, cows were grouped for yearly NPCF and categorized into 3 economic classes (EC): EC1 (<€1,100/yr), EC2 (€1,100–€1,400/yr), and EC3 (>€1,400/yr). Cows in EC3 had greatest lactation production per day in the experiment (i.e., kg of milk, protein, fat, lactose), and lowest number of veterinary treatments during the experiment. 相似文献
3.
基于水资源生态足迹模型,结合水资源生态承载力和生态盈亏指数,讨论了辽宁省人均水资源生态足迹的时空特征,并采用 LMDI模型对辽宁省2010—2019年水资源生态足迹变化的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:①辽宁省人均水资源生态足迹在时间变化上较稳定,各用水账户占比大小依次为农业、工业、生活和生态环境用水;在空间分布上呈现出较大差异,仅丹东市、铁岭市、鞍山市、本溪市和葫芦岛市为生态盈余状态,其他行政区均出现不同程度的生态赤字,盘锦市最为严重,水资源生态状况也较差;②在辽宁省及各行政区人均水资源生态足迹的构成上,除本溪市为工业用水占比最高以外,辽宁省与其他各市都以农业用水为主,其次为工业用水,生活用水和生态环境用水占比较低但均有小幅提升;③通过因素分解得出经济因素是推进水资源生态足迹增长的主导因素,结构因素和人口因素对生态足迹变化的影响比较小,技术因素有效抑制了水资源生态足迹的快速增长。 相似文献
4.
对优化设计的煤矿安全监控系统整体方案、硬件配置及软件逻辑进行了详细介绍,通过功能描述说明了系统在安全性、信息化和智能化方面的提升,对煤矿安全监控系统在生产中的应用具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
针对目前煤矿装车站液压系统漏油故障,通过对装车过程中液压系统数据采集、自动计算和分析,设计了PLC程序数据分析算法,可以自动检测漏油现象,判断漏油故障点,及时提醒装车站作业人员,降低现场设备的维护工作量,提高工作效率,减少漏油损失。 相似文献
6.
基于GLDAS-Noah水文模型,模拟长江流域蓝绿水资源量,并揭示其时空变化特征。结果表明:2000—2019年长江流域多年平均蓝水资源和绿水资源分别为420.24 mm和686.95 mm,绿水资源约是蓝水资源的1.62倍。近20 a来长江流域蓝水资源、绿水资源和绿水系数呈不显著增加趋势,2000—2019年蓝水资源与绿水资源变化速率分别为3.26 mm/a 和2.27 mm/a。从年内分配上看,蓝绿水资源在7—8月份较多,占全年的29%~32%;在1 —2月份较少,占全年的5%~6%。从空间分布来看,蓝水资源呈现东南高西北低的分布格局,绿水资源呈现东高西低的分布格局,而绿水系数呈现西北高东南低的分布格局。科学全面评价蓝绿水资源可以为优化水资源利用模式、提高水资源利用效率提供科学依据。 相似文献
7.
微破裂测试可以获取页岩储层大规模体积压裂之前的物性参数,为资源量计算以及地质、工程双“甜点”的评价提供关键信息。目前基于常规关井压力恢复试井理论的解释方法在处理微破裂测试这类“短暂注入、长期关井”的特殊问题时精度低,且常出现流态无法识别及参数难以诊断的问题。结合微破裂测试的特殊性,提出了一种基于脉冲注入理论的页岩储层微破裂试井解释方法,即将开井注入和关井压降过程看作整体,假设关井后的压力响应是注入期和关井期的总和,在渗流数学模型的内边界条件处考虑,从而建立微破裂试井解释模型。求解得到压力动态曲线,通过敏感性分析明确各参数对测试曲线的影响。之后通过渐进分析得到测试曲线关键段压力解,据此引入3条组合诊断线,用以获取测试曲线上的流态信息,并在不同流态下解释对应的参数,最终建立了主控流态识别+特种直线分析的微破裂试井解释方法和流程。利用该方法对涪陵页岩气田南川区块平桥背斜不同构造部位两口测试井进行了分析解释,验证了方法的实用性,解释结果为认识该区页岩含气性提供了依据,并正确预测了不同构造部位气井压裂效果将存在分区差异,为之后正确划定甜点区和优先部署区提供了指导,后续试气和试采动态进一步证明了结果可靠性。 相似文献
8.
《Contact lens & anterior eye》2022,45(4):101494
PurposeTo determine if there is diurnal variation in gene expression in normal healthy conjunctival cells.MethodsBulbar conjunctival swab samples were collected from four healthy subjects in the morning and evening of the same day. The two swab samples were taken from one eye of each participant, with a minimum of five hours gap between the two samples. RNA was extracted and analysed using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq).ResultsA total of 121 genes were differentially expressed between the morning and the evening conjunctival samples, of which 94 genes were upregulated in the morning, and 27 genes were upregulated in the evening. Many of the genes that were upregulated in the morning were involved in defence, cell turnover and regulation of gene expression, while the genes upregulated in the evening were involved in signalling and mucin production.ConclusionsThis study has identified several genes whose expression changes over the course of the day. Knowledge of diurnal variations of conjunctival gene expression provides an insight into the regulatory status of the healthy eye and provides a baseline for examining changes during ocular surface disease. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(1):585-594
Herd-level diagnosis of paratuberculosis using a pool-milk ELISA (pool size: n ≤ 50) is a novel, economical, and convenient method to identify blood serological Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody–positive herds. To date, the diagnostic performance of the pool-milk ELISA has been described only under laboratory conditions where herd prevalence was simulated by the preparation of milk pools consisting of milk samples of cows with a known MAP status determined by fecal culture. In our observational study, test performance under field conditions was studied using pooled milk and individual blood samples. A total of 486 herds within the MAP prevalence reduction program of Lower Saxony, from which pooled milk and individual blood ELISA results were available, were assigned to this study. Data were analyzed for the period between January 1 and December 31, 2018, the first year after herd testing became obligatory in this federal state of Germany. To evaluate whether pooled milk samples reliably distinguish between herds with a MAP-apparent blood serological within-herd prevalence (MAP-Ab-WHPapp) ≥5% and herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp <5%, the distribution of the MAP-Ab-WHPapp was compared between pool-positive and pool-negative herds. The MAP-Ab-WHPapp was 3.4% (median; 95% confidence interval = 0–11.4%) in pool-positive herds and 1.2% (median; 95% confidence interval = 0–6.4%) in pool-negative herds. Only 10.8% (n = 12) of the pool sample–negative herds had a MAP-Ab-WHPapp ≥5% and were therefore false negatives, given the aims of the MAP prevalence reduction program. Hence, the pool-milk sampling strategy seems well suited to distinguish between herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp ≥ 5% and herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp <5% since only 10% of serum MAP-ELISA positive herds were missed. Employing a logistic regression model, we estimated that the minimum blood serological MAP-Ab-WHPapp to detect a pool-positive herd with a probability of 95% was 8%, which fits well with the aim of the MAP prevalence reduction program to focus on herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp of ≥5%. Despite the limitations of the control approach, which include milk pool sample collection and a low sensitivity of the ELISA used in milk pools and serum samples, the aims of the MAP prevalence reduction program can be achieved. The results of these field data support that pool-milk sample ELISA is a useful, economical, and low labor–intensive tool to identify herds seropositive for MAP in a MAP prevalence reduction program. 相似文献
10.
船舶旋转机械往往在多振源的环境中运转,如何对其振动信号进行有效的特征提取和降噪处理是研究热点。时域同步平均方法对振动信号的噪声抑制有较好的效果,但是该方法需要的键相信号难以获取,特定频率以外的故障信息会丢失且倍频信号波形会互相混叠,以上问题限制了该方法的适用性。提出了一种多尺度时域平均分解法,有效地克服了传统时域平均法存在的问题,并结合模糊熵特征选择对船舶风机进行了故障诊断,准确率与计算速度均优于EMD、EEMD和VMD方法。仿真数据分析与故障模拟试验证明了该方法的有效性。 相似文献