不同盐沼湿地类型脱氮除磷效能及影响因素分析

采用沉水植物表面流湿地(沉水组)、挺水植物表面流湿地(挺水组)和浮床湿地(浮床组)3种盐沼湿地对长江口近岸低污染水体进行脱氮除磷效能的研究。结果表明,HRT为3 d时,水组、挺水组、浮床组对NO3^--N的去除率在高温时段分别为79.9%±13.2%、71.8%±15.2%、77.2%±13.2%,中温时段分别为39.4%±13.7%、31.5%±8.5%、18.4%±16.6%,低温时段分别为15.6%±14.6%、19.7%±8.6%、2.%5±8.6%。沉水组和挺水组对TP的去除率受温度影响较小,分别为66.4%±32.4%、55.5%±29.4%;而浮床组除磷效果受温度影响较大。当HRT缩短为1.5 d时,3组湿地系统在高温时段仍可达到相近的脱氮除磷效果,在中低温时段脱氮除磷效果都有不同程度的下降。     

The role of microbial electrogenesis in regulating methane and nitrous oxide emissions from constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell

This study assesses a sustainable solution to greenhouse gases (GHGs) mitigation using constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFC). Roots of wetland plant Acorus Calamus L. are placed in biological anode to better enable anode microorganisms to obtain rhizosphere secretion for power improvement. Three selected cathode materials have a large difference in GHG emissions, and among them, carbon fiber felt (CFF) shows the lowest emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, which are 0.77 ± 0.04 mg/(m²·h) and 130.78 ± 13.08 μg/(m²·h), respectively. The CFF CW-MFC achieves the maximum power density of 2.99 W/m³. As the influent pH value is adjusted from acidic to alkaline, the GHGs emissions are reduced. The addition of Ni inhibits GHGs emission but decreases the electricity, the power density is reduced to 1.09 W/m³, and the methane and nitrous oxide emission fluxes decline to 0.20 ± 0.04 mg/(m²·h) and 15.49 ± 1.86 μg/(m²·h), respectively. Low C/N ratio reduces methane emission, while high C/N ratio effectively inhibits nitrous oxide emission. At the influent pH 8 and C/N = 5:1, the methane emission flux is approximately 10.60 ± 0.27 mg/(m²·h), and the nitrous oxide emission flux is only 10.90 ± 1.10 μg/(m²·h). Based on the above experimental results by controlling variable factors, it is proposed that CW-MFC offers an environment-friendly solution to regulate GHG emissions.     

Reducing cycling costs in coal fired power plants through power to hydrogen

The increase of renewable share in the energy generation mix makes necessary to increase the flexibility of the electricity market. Thus, fossil fuel thermal power plants have to adapt their electricity production to compensate these fluctuations. Operation at partial load means a significant loss of efficiency and important reduction of incomes from electricity sales in the fossil power plant. Among the energy storage technologies proposed to overcome these problems, Power to Gas (PtG) allows for the massive storage of surplus electricity in form of hydrogen or synthetic natural gas. In this work, the integration of a Power to Gas system (50 MWe) with fossil fuel thermal power plants (500 MWe) is proposed to reduce the minimum complaint load and avoid shutdowns. This concept allows a continuous operation of power plants during periods with low demand, avoiding the penalty cost of shutdown. The operation of the hybrid system has been modelled to calculate efficiencies, hydrogen and electricity production as a function of the load of the fossil fuel power plant. Results show that the utilisation of PtG diminishes the specific cost of producing electricity between a 20% and 50%, depending on the framework considered (hot, warm and cold start-up). The main contribution is the reduction of the shutdown penalties rather than the incomes from the sale of the hydrogen. At the light of the obtained results, the hybrid system may be implemented to increase the cost-effectiveness of existing fossil fuel power plants while adapting the energy mix to high shares of variable renewable electricity sources.     

Design of a Cost‐Reduced Flexible Plant for Supercritical Fluid‐Assisted Applications

A novel batch plant for supercritical CO₂ applications is proposed which is not equipped with expensive components, such as high‐pressure pumps, making it particularly suitable for bench‐scale use. For the first time, the use of a hanging scale is suggested to weigh the amount of CO₂ required for the experiment and the use of the thermodynamics to reach the working conditions. The rig is able to cover different applications, e.g., aerogel drying, impregnation, and extraction, showing high flexibility. An approximate cost analysis has been performed considering as a reference a 150‐mL vessel. It has been calculated that both the setup and running costs are considerably lower than the common batch and semicontinuous rigs.     

Primary energy demand and energy costs of fixed-bed drying using the example of chamomile flowers

Abstract

Energy use efficiency in the drying of medicinal and aromatic plants is largely determined by weather conditions and process parameters. While the former are beyond control, the latter can be optimized. In order to achieve such optimization, different energy supply variants, based on typical operating conditions of batch-type grate drying in Thuringia, Germany, were analyzed. It was found that partial air recirculation and integration of heat pumps allow substantial savings in primary energy. However, under the constraint of German energy prices, significant savings in energy costs can only be achieved if combined heat and power generation systems are applied at the same time.     

Acceptance of biomass plants – Results of a longitudinal study in the bioenergy-region Altmark

The present contribution addresses the results of a longitudinal study in a ‘bioenergy-region’ concerning the public acceptance of biomass plants and the corresponding influencing factors. Using a standardized questionnaire, 423 persons were polled between 2009 and 2011 on three points of measurement in four places in the bioenergy-region Altmark. One main result of the study is that the reported public acceptance remains constantly high over time; nevertheless it became evident that the respective influencing factors differ in their strength, whereas the perceived regional benefit shows a strong connection to the reported public acceptance of biomass plants at each point of measurement. Concluding the research results, the acceptance of biomass plants doesn't seem to be a fixed construct, but has to be seen in context of the respective experiences with plants on a local level over time.In addition to the local population, key actors of the regional biomass sector were also interviewed (N = 26). The analyses show significant differences in the perception and evaluation of the current informational level between the population and the key actors. Furthermore, the key actors estimated the utilisation of biomass even more positively and expected a greater ‘signal function’ of the bioenergy-region-project compared to the population.     

不同含量低污染水对人工湿地中细菌的影响研究

探究水平流人工湿地(HFCW)系统处理低污染水过程中,相同COD/ρ(TN)下不同碳氮含量对细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,进水为较高碳氮含量的HFCW(HF1)和进水为较低碳氮含量的HFCW(HF2)对COD和TN的去除效率具有一定的差异,HF1和HF2对COD的去除效率分别为48.26%和28.89%,对TN的去除率分别为79.06%和81.87%。HF1中细菌的丰富度和多样性均高于HF2,HF1中富集的优势细菌为Chloroflexaceae、Comamonadaceae和Rhodocyclaceae,均具有异养反硝化功能,HF2中富集的优势细菌为Xanthomonadaceae和Rhodocyclaceae,其中Xanthomonadaceae具有自养反硝化功能。COD、NH4^+-N和NO3^--N对HF1中细菌群落的影响大于对HF2中细菌群落的影响,HF1中COD对细菌群落的影响大于NH4^+-N和NO3^--N。     

Stability enhancement of induction generator–based series compensated wind power plants by alleviating subsynchronous torsional oscillations using BFOA‐optimal controller tuned STATCOM

In this paper, a STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) is used to encounter the potential SSR (subsynchronous resonance) observed by IG (Induction Generator) based series compensated wind farms. The basic controller used for STATCOM control is identical to that of the literature. An idea of a unique meta‐heuristic swarm‐based optimization technique called BFOA (bacterial foraging optimization algorithm) based optimal‐controller is introduced for optimal parameter selection of the basic controller used in the control scheme of the STATCOM. The investigation is carried out with 500 MW IG‐based wind farm exposed to three‐phase LLL‐G fault close to the PCC (point of common coupling) and implemented with MATLAB in both steady and transient states for the three different cases, namely, without STATCOM, with the basic STATCOM controller, and in the presence of the proposed BFOA‐optimal controller‐based STATCOM. In both the states, the observed eigenvalues of the test system, together with the time domain results of the generator rotor dynamics for three distinct cases, reveals the effectiveness of the suggested BFOA‐optimal controller tuned STATCOM in mitigating the potential SSR.     

Functional organisation of the endomembrane network in the digestive gland of the Venus flytrap: revisiting an old story with a new microscopy toolbox

Up-to-date imaging approaches were used to address the spatiotemporal organisation of the endomembrane system in secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula. Different ‘slice and view’ methodologies were performed on resin-embedded samples to finally achieve a 3D reconstruction of the cell architecture, using ultrastructural tomography, array tomography, serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), correlation, and volume rendering at the light microscopy level. Observations of cryo-fixed samples by high-pressure freezing revealed changes of the endomembrane system that occur after trap activation and prey digestion. They provide evidence for an original strategy that adapts the secretory machinery to a specific and unique case of stimulated exocytosis in plant cells. A first secretion peak is part of a rapid response to deliver digestive fluids to the cell surface, which delivers the needed stock of digestive materials ‘on site’. The second peak of activity could then be associated with the reconstruction of the Golgi apparatus (GA), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and vacuolar machinery, in order to prepare for a subsequent round of prey capture. Tubular continuum between ER and Golgi stacks observed on ZIO-impregnated tissues may correspond to an efficient transfer mechanism for lipids and/or proteins, especially for use in rapidly resetting the molecular GA machinery. The occurrence of one vacuolar continuum may permit continuous adjustment of cell homeostasy. The subcellular features of the secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula outline key innovations in the organisation of plant cell compartmentalisation that are used to cope with specific cell needs such as the full use of the GA as a protein factory, and the ability to create protein reservoirs in the periplasmic space. Shape-derived forces of the pleiomorphic vacuole may act as signals to accompany the sorting and entering flows of the cell.