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1.
The calcium pump (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA) plays a major role in calcium homeostasis in muscle cells by clearing cytosolic Ca2+ during muscle relaxation. Active Ca2+ transport by SERCA involves the structural transition from a low-Ca2+ affinity E2 state toward a high-Ca2+ affinity E1 state of the pump. This structural transition is accompanied by the countertransport of protons to stabilize the negative charge and maintain the structural integrity of the transport sites and partially compensate for the positive charges of the two Ca2+ ions passing through the membrane. X-ray crystallography studies have suggested that a hydrated pore located at the C-terminal domain of SERCA serves as a conduit for proton countertransport, but the existence and function of this pathway have not yet been fully characterized. We used atomistic simulations to demonstrate that in the protonated E2 state and the absence of initially bound water molecules, the C-terminal pore becomes hydrated in the nanosecond timescale. Hydration of the C-terminal pore is accompanied by the formation of water wires that connect the transport sites with the cytosol. Water wires are known as ubiquitous proton-transport devices in biological systems, thus supporting the notion that the C-terminal domain serves as a conduit for proton release. Additional simulations showed that the release of a single proton from the transport sites induces bending of transmembrane helix M5 and the interaction between residues Arg762 and Ser915. These structural changes create a physical barrier against full hydration of the pore and prevent the formation of hydrogen-bonded water wires once proton transport has occurred through this pore. Together, these findings support the notion that the C-terminal proton release pathway is a functional element of SERCA and also provide a mechanistic model for its operation in the catalytic cycle of the pump.  相似文献   
2.
考虑可再生能源出力、电力负荷和电价等一系列不确定性因素,提出了高比例可再生能源渗透下的多虚拟电厂日内两阶段优化调度模型。该模型通过对多虚拟电厂中运行设备小时级时间尺度和分钟级时间尺度的协调优化,达到分级消除系统中随机和扰动因素的影响,实现高比例可再生能源的安全消纳。并且在多虚拟电厂优化调度模型中,借助Markowitz均值-方差理论,提出利润函数的风险刻画,准确描述不确定性的影响。最后,通过算例分析,说明所提出模型可有效降低决策风险和不确定性因素的影响。  相似文献   
3.
In this study, blends of the bio-based poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC) with different commodity polymers are investigated in order to explore the potential of PLimC toward generating more sustainable polymer materials by reducing the amount of petro- or food-based polymers. PLimC is employed as minority component in the blends. Next to the morphology and thermal properties of the blends the impact of PLimC on the mechanical properties of the matrix polymers is studied. The interplay of incompatibility and zero-shear melt viscosity contrast determines the blend morphology, leading for all blends to a dispersed droplet morphology for PLimC. Blends with polymers of similar structure to PLimC (i.e., aliphatic/aromatic polyester) show the best performance with respect to mechanical properties, whereas blends with polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) are too brittle and polyamide 12 blends show very low elongations at break. In blends with Ecoflex (poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)) and Arnitel EM400 (copoly(ether ester)) with poly(butylene terephthalate) hard and polytetrahydrofuran soft segments) a threefold increase in E-modulus can be achieved, while keeping the elongation at break at reasonable high values of ≈200%, making these blends highly interesting for applications.  相似文献   
4.
A new aqueous slurry-based laminated object manufacturing process for porous ceramics is proposed: firstly, an organic mesh sheet is pre-paved as a pore-forming template before slurry layer scraping; secondly, the 2D pattern is built with laser outline cutting of the dried mesh–ceramic composite layer; finally, the pore structure is formed after degreasing and sintering. Alumina parts with porosities of 51.5 %, round hole diameters of 80 ± 5 μm were fabricated using 70 wt. % solid content slurry and 100 mesh nylon net. Using an organic mesh as the framework and template not only reduces the risk of damage of the green body but also ensures the regularity, uniformity and connectivity of the micron scaled pore network. The layer-by-layer drying method avoids the delamination phenomenon and improves the paving density. The new method can realize the flexible design of the pore structure by using various organic mesh templates.  相似文献   
5.
使用马来酸酐(MA)、乙酸乙烯酯(VA)、乙烯基磺酸钠(VS)和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)合成了一种四元共聚物阻垢剂MA-VA-VS-AMPS,并探究其在高Ca2+质量浓度和高矿化度环境中的阻垢机理。采用FT-IR分析阻垢剂结构,研究了阻垢剂质量浓度、Ca2+质量浓度、溶液温度和pH值等因素在静态条件下对阻垢剂阻垢性能的影响;利用动态流动测试方法评价阻垢剂在动态条件下的阻垢率;采用Materials studio(MS)中分子动力学模拟方法计算阻垢剂与CaCO3之间的结合能;采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)仪分析CaCO3晶体的形貌和晶型。结果表明:在静态测试条件下,MA-VA-VS-AMPS的阻垢率是99.3%;在动态测试条件下,MA-VA-VS-AMPS的阻垢率为96.8%,且阻垢剂使CaCO3发生变形, Ca2+和阻垢剂中的O之间形成了化学键,阻垢剂与CaCO3发生吸附作用。  相似文献   
6.
In the current study, the development of the silicate structure of synthetic calcium silicate hydrates with different calcium contents was followed by in-situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy and correlated to the in-situ phase development evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A baseline correction method initially developed for X-ray diffractograms was successfully adapted for the complex background of the fingerprint region in in-situ IR, which significantly contributed to signal quality and reproducibility. The development of separate silicate infrared bands could be monitored over 24 h of reaction. These bands could be assigned to oligomeric and dimeric species based on their time and stoichiometry-dependent development. It was clearly shown that the main peak of the dimeric silicate species was overlooked in the literature. The correlation of time-dependent events to in-situ XRD revealed that changes in the unit cell of calcium silicate hydrate are related to silicate polymerization. The results were compared to 29Si-MAS-NMR, which highlighted the benefits of in-situ IR spectroscopy.  相似文献   
7.
渤中A区块是一个断块型古潜山构造,上覆地层为沙一段、沙三段,潜山地层为古生界、太古界,由于岩性组合复杂,存在多种进山模式,给潜山界面卡取带来了困难。为准确识别潜山界面,研究了该区块几口进潜山探井,归纳出4种可能的进潜山模式;使用SPECTRO XEPOSⅢ型台式X射线荧光分析仪对该区块5口探井的岩屑样品进行测量,通过对700余个岩屑样品的元素录井数据研究,归纳出渤中A区块不同岩性的元素录井特征以及不同进山模式下的元素含量变化规律。在此基础上提出以(Ca+Mg)与(Si+Fe+Al)关系来识别古生界潜山界面以及使用K/Na值识别太古界潜山界面的思路,结合潜山界面附近微量元素含量变化趋势提出了“微量元素卡山法”。  相似文献   
8.
柯探1井是部署在新疆阿克苏地区柯坪县的一口风险探井,在寒武系沙依力克组钻遇高钙盐水层,持续不断地钙侵导致重晶石沉降,发生了卡钻等一系列井下故障。为优化复杂地质条件下钻井液配方,现场开展多种试验,提出了钙盐水层钻井液等一系列钻井液配方:①三开配浆即用海泡石代替现在的膨润土,控制好低密度固相,为转换四开饱和盐水钻井液做好准备;②除聚合物之外,常见的淀粉比较适合该区块;③除应用纯碱和小苏打除钙外,使用一些硅酸钾,能预防钙侵,生成的硅酸钙对井壁稳定、防塌有一定的帮助,同时钾离子可以提高钻井液的抑制性;④采用质量较好的白沥青,实现快速优质钻进。现场应用表明,四开高钙盐水层,电测无阻卡,井径规则,套管一次性下到位,钻井液性能满足固井施工要求,现场施工效果良好。  相似文献   
9.
Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a devastating neonatal brain condition caused by lack of oxygen and limited blood flow. Environmental enrichment (EE) is a classic paradigm with a complex stimulation of physical, cognitive, and social components. EE can exert neuroplasticity and neuroprotective effects in immature brains. However, the exact mechanism of EE on the chronic condition of HIE remains unclear. HIE was induced by a permanent ligation of the right carotid artery, followed by an 8% O2 hypoxic condition for 1 h. At 6 weeks of age, HIE mice were randomly assigned to either standard cages or EE cages. In the behavioral assessments, EE mice showed significantly improved motor performances in rotarod tests, ladder walking tests, and hanging wire tests, compared with HIE control mice. EE mice also significantly enhanced cognitive performances in Y-maze tests. Particularly, EE mice showed a significant increase in Cav 2.1 (P/Q type) and presynaptic proteins by molecular assessments, and a significant increase of Cav 2.1 in histological assessments of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These results indicate that EE can upregulate the expression of the Cav 2.1 channel and presynaptic proteins related to the synaptic vesicle cycle and neurotransmitter release, which may be responsible for motor and cognitive improvements in HIE.  相似文献   
10.
Myocardial infarction is a leading cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. The only viable treatment for the ischemic insult is timely reperfusion, which further exacerbates myocardial injury. Maintaining mitochondrial function is crucial in preserving cardiomyocyte function in ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Poloxamer (P) 188 has been shown to improve cardiac IR injury by improving cellular and mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to show if P188 postconditioning has direct protective effects on mitochondrial function in the heart. Langendorff prepared rat hearts were subjected to IR injury ex-vivo and reperfused for 10 min with 1 mM P188 vs. vehicle. Cardiac mitochondria were isolated with 1 mM P188 vs. 1 mM polyethylene glycol (PEG) vs. vehicle by differential centrifugation. Mitochondrial function was assessed by adenosine triphosphate synthesis, oxygen consumption, and calcium retention capacity. Mitochondrial function decreased significantly after ischemia and showed mild improvement with reperfusion. P188 did not improve mitochondrial function in the ex-vivo heart, and neither further P188 nor PEG induced direct mitochondrial protection after IR injury in this model.  相似文献   
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