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1.
In a narrow channel, the apparent relative viscosity of a suspension with finite-size particles is strongly dependent on its microscopic particle arrangement. Relative viscosity increases when suspended particles flow near the channel wall; thus, a suspension in a narrow channel does not always exhibit the same rheological properties even if the concentration is the same. In this study, we focus on the inertia and concentration of particles in a narrow channel and consider their effects on the microscopic particle arrangement and macroscopic suspension rheology. Two-dimensional pressure-driven suspension flow simulations were performed using a two-way coupling scheme, and normalized particle density distribution (PDD) were implemented to consider their particle arrangements. The results demonstrated that the velocity profiles for the particle suspension were changed by the Reynolds number and particle concentration because of the interactions between particles according to the power-law index. These changes affected the particle equilibrium positions in the channel, and the subsequent changes in solvent layer thickness caused changes in the macroscopic apparent viscosity. The behavior of microscopic particles played important roles in determining macroscopic rheology. Thus, we have confirmed that a normalized PDD can be used to estimate and assess the macroscopic rheology of a suspension.  相似文献   
2.
The fuel cell/battery durability and hybrid system stability are major considerations for the power management of fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB) operating on complicated driving conditions. In this paper, a real time nonlinear adaptive control (NAC) with stability analyze is formulated for power management of FCHEB. Firstly, the mathematical model of hybrid power system is analyzed, which is established for control-oriented design. Furthermore, the NAC-based strategy with quadratic Lyapunov function is set up to guarantee the stability of closed-loop power system, and the power split between fuel cell and battery is controlled with the durability consideration. Finally, two real-time power management strategies, state machine control (SMC) and fuzzy logic control (FLC), are implemented to evaluate the performance of NAC-based strategy, and the simulation results suggest that the guaranteed stability of NAC-based strategy can efficiently prolong fuel cell/battery lifespan and provide better fuel consumption economy for FCHEB.  相似文献   
3.
The ohmic resistance in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) mainly comes from the electrolyte, which can be reduced by developing novel electrolyte materials with higher ionic conductivity and/or fabricating thin-film electrolytes. Among various kinds of thin-film fabrication technology, the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method can reduce the electrolyte thickness to a few micrometers and mitigate the issues associated with high-temperature sintering, which is necessary for wet ceramic methods. This review summarizes recent development progress in thin-film electrolytes fabricated by the PVD method, especially pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and magnetron sputtering. At first, the importance of the substrate surface morphology for the quality of the film is emphasized. After that, the fabrication of thin-film doped-zirconia and doped-ceria electrolytes is presented, then we provide a brief summary of the works on other types of electrolytes prepared by PVD. Finally, we have come to the summary and made perspectives.  相似文献   
4.
Gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the most important components of fuel cells. In order to improve the fuel cell performance, GDL has developed from single layer to dual layers, and then to multiple layers. However, dual or multi layers in GDL are usually prepared by layer-by-layer methods, which cost too much time, energy, and resources. In this work, we successfully developed a facile one-step method to prepare a GDL with three functional layers by utilizing the different sedimentation rates and filtration rates of short carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotube (CNT). The treatment temperature for this GDL is much lower than that of traditional method. The thickness of the GDL can be effectively controlled from as thin as 50 μm to more than 200 μm by simply adjusting the content of CF. The GDL with high flexibility is suitable to develop high performance flexible electronics. The fuel cell with the GDL has the maximum power density 1021 mW cm?2, which shows 19% improvement comparing to the conventional one. Therefore, this work breaks the traditional concept that GDL for fuel cells only can be prepared by very complex and high-cost procedure.  相似文献   
5.
林加富 《玻璃》2022,49(2):53-57
双玻光伏组件以其抗PID性强、防隐裂、防水汽透过、抗蜗牛纹、可靠性优异、轻量化等诸多优点,在晶硅太阳能组件市占比逐步提高。双玻光伏组件用背板玻璃一般需要预留出线孔,光伏背板玻璃的出线孔主要有两种打孔方式:金钢钻上下同步钻孔的模式和激光打孔。激光打孔以其易维护、可异形孔加工、效率高、生产成本低等优势得到各大玻璃厂的认可。通过分析在实际生产中激光打孔出现的打孔缺陷问题,提出了改善措施,有助于工厂的降本增效。  相似文献   
6.
电伴热预养护是一种保证预拌混凝土冬期施工养护温度和强度增长的简单高效的方法。本文采用7 d恒负温(-5 ℃、-10 ℃、-15 ℃)一次冻结转标准养护的试验,研究电伴热预养护不同温度和时间对一种高坍落度C30普通混凝土抗压强度的影响。依据混凝土受冻临界强度的定义,确定基于电伴热预养护条件下的混凝土受冻临界强度值及其合理的预养护时间。结果表明:与标准养护相比,经电伴热高温预养护的混凝土抗压强度均得到了提高,但电伴热预养护温度宜控制在30 ℃,较高的预养护温度下强度发展速率和R-7+28(负温养护7 d再转标养28 d的抗压强度)值反而降低;当预养护温度为30 ℃,硬化温度不低于-15 ℃时,合理的预养护时间在36~48 h之间;恒负温(-5 ℃、-10 ℃、-15 ℃)硬化条件下,采用电伴热预养护的混凝土受冻临界强度的范围是6.6~17.8 MPa,为混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值的22.0%~59.3%。研究旨在比较电伴热预养护制度对普通混凝土力学性能的影响,进而指导相关工程应用。  相似文献   
7.
中国含油气盆地超深层广泛发育灰岩,灰岩的主要矿物成分是方解石,其特殊的晶体结构决定了其在超深层具有很强的塑性和韧性。在小变形作用下,灰岩不容易发生断裂。灰岩尤其是泥灰岩,因其较低的孔隙度和渗透率也可以作为盖层。四川盆地元坝气藏埋深超过6 500 m,储气规模大,其盖层和保存条件一直备受关注。下三叠统膏盐岩作为元坝气藏的区域性盖层得到普遍认可,但是飞仙关组灰岩作为其直接盖层尚存争议。在岩心观察、岩石力学参数测试、地质资料分析的基础上,从脆—韧性的角度分析飞仙关组灰岩作为盖层的完整性。飞仙关组灰岩在生气高峰期及之后,韧性显著提高,力学性质处于韧性阶段,不易发生破裂,能够保持岩层完整性,从而成为二叠系长兴组白云岩储层的良好盖层。该实例说明,灰岩在超深层可以作为盖层,对碳酸盐岩区的油气勘探具有重要意义。  相似文献   
8.
渤中13-2大型潜山地区是渤海海域发现的首个亿吨级深层变质岩潜山油藏。通过已钻井的岩心、薄片、测试、测井等资料,从构造演化、成岩作用、古地貌特征等方面,阐述了研究区潜山储集空间类型、裂缝发育主控因素及分布规律,为研究区的高效开发奠定基础。研究结果表明:①多期次构造运动是导致裂缝形成的主控因素,风化淋滤和裂缝充填是造成储层纵向差异的主要原因。②利用结构张量场与绕射波耦合属性可以有效指导研究区储层平面预测,根据最大似然属性体能够较好地预测潜山裂缝走向。③平面上靠近大断层附近裂缝发育较好,纵向上风化带裂缝好于内幕带裂缝,渤中13-2地区主力层段风化带储层可划分为4类,Ⅰ类储层最好,主要位于构造高部位;Ⅱ类储层次之,主要位于构造腰部; Ⅲ类储层较差,主要位于距离断层较近区域的构造翼部; Ⅳ类储层最差,主要位于距离大断层较远处。  相似文献   
9.
为解决综采面间留设煤柱而导致的采掘接续紧张,资源回收率低,采空区易形成应力集中等问题,采用实验室实验、数值模拟和现场实践等方法,对97307工作面97214巷进行了切顶卸压沿空留巷技术研究。基于实验室实验,给出了煤岩体的物理力学参数,然后通过数值模拟分析给出了切顶高度、切顶角度、炮孔间距和补强支护等主要参数,最后在现场实践中将97214沿空留巷划分为四个区,不同区采用不同的支护方案和措施。巷道切顶卸压沿空留巷效果监测数据表明:采用切顶卸压留巷技术后,97307工作面切顶侧的支撑压力不仅低于未切顶侧巷,更远低于中部支架压力,巷道表面变形和离层分别在滞后工作面170m和200m处基本恒定不变,切顶卸压沿空留巷技术在97307工作面97214巷的现场实践中取得了良好的效果。  相似文献   
10.
The thermodynamics modeling of a Reiner–Philippoff-type fluid is essential because it is a complex fluid with three distinct probable modifications. This fluid model can be modified to describe a shear-thinning, Newtonian, or shear-thickening fluid under varied viscoelastic conditions. This study constructs a mathematical model that describes a boundary layer flow of a Reiner–Philippoff fluid with nonlinear radiative heat flux and temperature- and concentration-induced buoyancy force. The dynamical model follows the usual conservation laws and is reduced through a nonsimilar group of transformations. The resulting equations are solved using a spectral-based local linearization method, and the accuracy of the numerical results is validated through the grid dependence and convergence tests. Detailed analyses of the effects of specific thermophysical parameters are presented through tables and graphs. The study reveals, among other results, that the buoyancy force, solute and thermal expansion coefficients, and thermal radiation increase the overall wall drag, heat, and mass fluxes. Furthermore, the study shows that amplifying the space and temperature-dependent heat source parameters allows fluid particles to lose their cohesive force and, consequently, maximize flow and heat transfer.  相似文献   
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