PUL-Mediated Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Utilization in the Gut Bacteroidetes

Plant cell wall polysaccharides (PCWP) are abundantly present in the food of humans and feed of livestock. Mammalians by themselves cannot degrade PCWP but rather depend on microbes resident in the gut intestine for deconstruction. The dominant Bacteroidetes in the gut microbial community are such bacteria with PCWP-degrading ability. The polysaccharide utilization systems (PUL) responsible for PCWP degradation and utilization are a prominent feature of Bacteroidetes. In recent years, there have been tremendous efforts in elucidating how PULs assist Bacteroidetes to assimilate carbon and acquire energy from PCWP. Here, we will review the PUL-mediated plant cell wall polysaccharides utilization in the gut Bacteroidetes focusing on cellulose, xylan, mannan, and pectin utilization and discuss how the mechanisms can be exploited to modulate the gut microbiota.     

Pectic Galactan Polysaccharide-Based Gene Delivery System for Targeting Neuroinflammation

Treating neuroinflammation-related injuries and disorders through manipulation of neuroinflammation functions is being heralded as a new therapeutic strategy. In this study, a novel pectic galactan (PG) polysaccharide based gene therapy approach is developed for targeting reactive gliosis in neuroinflammation. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a cell protein with a high affinity to β-galactoside sugars and is highly expressed in reactive gliosis. Since PG carries galactans, it can target reactive gliosis via specific carbohydrate interaction between galactan and Gal-3 on the cell membrane, and therefore can be utilized as a carrier for delivering genes to these cells. The carrier is synthesized by modifying quaternary ammonium groups on the PG. The resulting quaternized PG (QPG) is found to form complexes with plasmid DNA with a mean diameter of 100 nm and have the characteristics required for targeted gene therapy. The complexes efficiently condense large amounts of plasmid per particle and successfully bind to Gal-3. The in vivo study shows that the complexes are biocompatible and safe for administration and can selectively transfect reactive glial cells of an induced cortical lesion. The results confirm that this PG-based delivery system is a promising platform for targeting Gal-3 overexpressing neuroinflammation cells for treating neuroinflammation-related injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.     

金针菇多糖对微冻大黄鱼及其鱼片品质变化的影响

为研究金针菇多糖（polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes，FVP）对微冻大黄鱼及鱼片在贮藏期间肌原纤维蛋白性质的变化及水分分布的影响，实验分别选用0.03、0.06、0.09 g/L FVP浸渍处理大黄鱼和鱼片，以无菌水处理为对照组，分析微冻贮藏期间样品的感官指标得分、总挥发性盐基氮含量、总巯基含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活性、蛋白流变学性质以及水分迁移变化规律。结果表明：FVP可有效抑制整鱼总挥发性盐基氮含量上升和感官得分的下降；减缓整鱼及鱼片在微冻过程中总巯基含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活性下降和水分流失；此外FVP还能够延缓大黄鱼因腐败而出现的蛋白凝胶能力减弱。在本实验选取的多糖浓度范围内，0.09 g/L FVP处理组保鲜效果较强。该研究结果可为FVP用于水产品贮运保鲜提供理论参考。     

Extraction and characterisation of pectin polysaccharide from soybean dreg and its dispersion stability in acidified milk drink

In this study, pectin polysaccharide (SDPP) was obtained from soybean dreg (26.2% yield), and characteristics of SDPP were compared with those of soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) and citrus pectin (HMP). The galacturonic acid and molecular weight of SSPS, SDPP or HMP were 11.8%, 40.6% or 70.2% and 112, 446, or 440 kDa. SDPP had similar viscosity and protein content to SSPS, and functional groups and linear structure to HMP. SSPS, SDPP or HMP differed in particle size of 260, 467 or 1195 nm and ζ–potential of −5.8, −14.6 or −23.5 mV at pH 4.0. The precipitation of acidified milk drink (AMD) was 6.31% without stabiliser or below 1.75% with 0.4% SDPP at pH 3.6–4.6. These results suggested that SDPP combines the structure and characteristic of HMP and SSPS, and AMD with SDPP had great stabilising behaviour at wider pH range (pH 3.6–4.6).     

芜菁子挥发油、多糖的组成及挥发油抗菌活性的研究

目的用3种方法提取芜菁子挥发油,对挥发油的抗菌作用进行定性和定量分析,并对芜菁子挥发油及多糖的组成进行分析。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法、溶剂萃取法和同时蒸馏萃取法提取芜菁子挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用法分析挥发油的组成。运用滤纸片扩散法和二倍稀释法检验芜菁子挥发油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌的抑菌作用。利用水提醇沉法提取残渣中的多糖,酸水解后进行薄层分析。结果 3种方法提取的挥发油分别鉴别出21、7、14种成分。水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油中异硫氰酸酯类化合物占45.95%,同时蒸馏萃取法的为31.35%,溶剂萃取法提取挥发油无异硫氰酸酯类化合物。定性定量的抑菌实验结果显示,3种方法所得的挥发油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌均有良好的抑制作用,水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发油的抑菌效果最好。在高效G板上,以乙酸乙酯:异丙醇:水=26:14:7(V:V:V)为展开剂,芜菁子多糖的分离效果较好,可鉴别出芜菁子多糖中的果糖和半乳糖。结论芜菁子挥发油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌均有一定的抑制作用,可能与其中含有异硫氰酸酯类和腈类化合物有关。     

液体发酵黑木耳多糖的分离纯化及保湿性研究

为缩短生产周期、提高多糖产量,本研究利用优选的黑木耳菌株和培养基进行液体发酵,获得发酵胞外和胞内粗多糖产量分别为10.49±0.27 g/L和3.05±0.03 g/L。为进一步实现发酵多糖的合理利用,对液体发酵多糖采用酶-Sevag法除蛋白和DEAE-52、Sephadex G-200柱层析分离纯化,并对纯化的多糖组分进行红外光谱、抗氧化和保湿性研究。结果表明,酶-Sevag法能很好脱除发酵多糖中蛋白质,脱蛋白后胞外DEPS和胞内DIPS多糖纯度均大于95%;柱层析分离纯化获得胞外PEPS和胞内PIPS多糖均为单一组分,经红外光谱官能团分析推测二者均为β-构型的吡喃糖;比较PEPS和PIPS的抗氧化活性和保湿性发现,PEPS在还原力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力方面优于PIPS,而后者在DPPH自由基、羟基自由基清除能力以及保湿性能方面优于PEPS。本研究为黑木耳液体发酵胞外和胞内多糖组分的合理利用提供依据,并为其在食品和化妆品等方面的应用奠定理论基础。     

Artificial simulated gastrointestinal digestion of four carbohydrates containing beta‐d‐1 → 4 linkages and new GC‐TQ/MS‐MS method for characterising released monosaccharides

Four types of carbohydrates, including Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide, Dendrobium aphyllum polysaccharide and β‐glucans from yeast and barley, were examined, and their structures were found to mainly contain 1,4‐linked‐β‐d ‐Glcp. Artificially simulated gastrointestinal digestion was conducted to characterise the changes of molecular weight, reducing sugars and released free monosaccharides by high‐performance liquid chromatography, kits and the newly developed gas chromatography (GC)‐mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis, which indicated that high molecular weight and complex spatial structures contributed to delayed monosaccharide release following exposure to digestive solution. The spatial structures of carbohydrates were changed during gastric digestion, but their primary structures were destroyed during intestinal digestion. Additionally, for the developed 7890A/7000 GC‐TQ/MS‐MS, the new analytical method was successfully used to analyse very low concentrations of monosaccharides in the simulated gastrointestinal digestive system.     

野菊茎叶多糖微波辅助法提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以野菊茎叶为原料,经脱色脱脂后用微波辅助法提取野菊茎叶中的多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖的提取量。以料液比、提取温度、提取时间和微波功率为自变量,设计正交试验确定野菊茎叶多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,并通过Fenton体系和DPPH体系测试野菊茎叶多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明,在料液比1:40(g/mL)、提取温度80℃、提取时间10min、微波功率450 W的条件下野菊茎叶多糖的提取量高达6.32%,微波辅助能快速提取野菊茎叶中的多糖,提取效果显著;野菊茎叶多糖对·OH和DPPH·有清除作用且存在着量效关系,野菊茎叶多糖具有抗氧化活性。