一种新型针状合金-金刚石复合钻头胎体配方的试验研究

本文首先介绍一种用于卵砾石地层钻进的新型针状硬质合金钻头的设计原理，而后简要说明其胎体配方组成机理。在分析胎体性能要求的基础上，选择了六组配方，对其进行抗弯强度、抗剪强度，硬度性能、冲击韧性、SEM照片等试验，优选了四号配方，试制了钻头。生产试验结果表明，这种新型复合型钻头钻进萝日砾石地层的平均时效1．89m／h、平均每回次进尺为2．3m，平均钻头寿命19．81m，具有实用和推广价值。     

Estimating discharge in gravel‐bed river using non‐contact ground‐penetrating and surface‐velocity radars

Discharge measurement is a critical task for gravel‐bed channels. Under high‐flow conditions, the elevation of the riverbed changes significantly by intensive torrential flow. The stage–discharge relations commonly used for stream discharge estimation may no longer be adequate. The contact‐type velocity measuring is also subject to measurement errors and/or instrument failures by the high‐flow velocities, driftwood, stumps, and debris. This study developed a new real‐time method to estimate river discharge in gravel‐bed channels. A systematic measuring technology combining ground‐penetrating radar and surface‐velocity radar was employed. The rating curves representing the relations of water surface velocity to the channel cross‐sectional mean velocity and flow area were established. Stream discharge was then deduced from the resulting mean velocity and flow area. The proposed method was examined in a steep gravel‐bed reach of the Cho‐Shui River in central Taiwan. The estimated stream discharge during three flood events were compared to the prediction by using the stage–discharge relation and the index‐velocity method. The proposed method of this study is capable of computing reasonable values of discharge for an entire flood hydrograph, whereas the other two methods tend to produce large extrapolation errors. Moreover, when the computed discharge is used in 2D flood flow simulation, the proposed method demonstrates better performance than the commonly used stage–discharge and index‐velocity methods.     

Transport of Gellan Gum Microbeads in Soil Columns of Various Grain Size Distributions

The transport of gellan gum microbeads as potential cell carriers was investigated in horizontal columns packed with different grain size classes of gravel (2–16 mm) and sand (0.25–2 mm). A suspension of microbeads was pulsed into each column for 6 h, followed by injection of water for 42 h. In general, the total amount of microbeads travelling across a given section of the column increased with injection time but decreased towards the column outlet, varying as a direct function of grain size. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the transport of gellan gum microbeads through medium sand to medium gravel across distances up to 110 cm.     

用水量对胶凝砂砾石抗压强度的影响

胶凝砂砾石材料是一新型筑坝材料,拥有广阔的发展前景。用水量是影响胶凝砂砾石强度的重要因素。通过抗压强度试验分析用水量对胶凝砂砾石抗压强度的影响,得出:最优用水量随胶凝材料掺量的增大而增大,随砂率的增大而增大,最优用水量为85~125 kg/m~3;最优水胶比随胶凝材料用量的增加而减小,随龄期的增加呈减小的趋势,最优水胶比为0.95~1.35。用水量对抗压强度的影响仅次于水泥用量,在施工过程中,应将其作为胶凝砂砾石材料的一项重要参数来控制,以保证胶凝砂砾石材料的性能。     

软上地基上加筋碎石垫层工作性状试验研究

通过模型试验研究了加筋和不加筋碎石垫层在软土地基上的承载特性,分析了垫层厚度、加筋材料、加筋层数、筋体布置位置等因素对垫层承载特性的影响。结果表明：垫层厚度对地基沉降影响明显,合理的垫层厚度能有效地降低地基的沉降;加筋后的碎石垫层对降低地基沉降的效果更明显,同等条件下,土工格室的加筋效果优于土工格栅;加筋层数及筋体布置位置对加垫碎石垫层承载特性有一定影响,层数越多加筋效果越好,将筋体布置在垫层下部时效果最好;加垫层能在一定程度上提高地基基床系数,其中土工格室加筋碎石垫层对提高地基基床系数效果最好。     

密实度对砂卵砾石料强度及变形特性的影响

为研究试样相对密度对砂卵砾石料强度及变形特性的影响,对4组不同相对密度的砂卵砾石料进行不同围压下的中型三轴固结排水剪切试验。试验结果表明:在试验的相对密度范围内,随着围压增大,相对密度小的试样应力应变曲线硬化特征逐渐明显,而相对密度大的试样无论围压大小,应力应变曲线都呈应变软化型;试样在剪切过程中均表现出不同程度的剪胀性;试样抗剪强度指标φ和φ0随着试样相对密度Dr增大而增大,c和Δφ随Dr增大而减小,并建立了试样抗剪强度与相对密度的函数关系式;割线模量、切线体积模量都随Dr增大而增大,可近似用线性关系表示。     

冲击钻机造孔穿越深复杂地层振冲工艺

受机械性能限制,振冲器无法穿过深厚漂卵砾石地层,对此类地基无法用振冲技术进行 处理。采用冲击钻机造孔后引孔振冲工艺克服了振冲器局限性,成功地进行了多个水电站的基础 处理,实现了振冲技术在深厚漂砂卵石复杂地层中应用,拓展了振冲技术的应用范围,实现了新 的突破。     

花岗岩地区病险水库工程地质问题及处理措施

花岗岩地区病险水库的险情主要为坝基渗漏,高水位运行期坝脚易发生管涌而限制水库效益的发挥。以某病险水库为例,分析总结了花岗岩地区以风化料作为坝体填料的主要地质问题;对坝基花岗岩深厚的风化壳、差异风化以及河床冲洪积砂砾卵石层等主要工程地质问题进行了评价;针对主坝、副坝及溢洪道的防渗加固,提出了相应的工程措施。对其他典型花岗岩地区的病险水库工程勘察有一定参考价值。     

Large wood aids spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in marginal habitat on a regulated river in California

To determine whether large wood (LW, ≥1‐m length, ≥10‐cm diameter) plays a role in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (i.e. egg nest) placements in a regulated, Mediterranean‐climate, medium‐sized river (where channel width is less than the upper quartile of length of potential instream wood pieces), characteristics of 527 large wood pieces, locations of 650 redds, and mesohabitat delineations (riffle, run, glide, pool) were collected during a spawning season along a 7.7 km reach directly below Camanche Dam on the Mokelumne River, CA. LW was regularly distributed across the study reach an average 70 LW pieces km^‐1. Some LW clustering was evident at islands and meander bends. Spawners built 85% of redds within one average channel width (31 m) of LW. Spawners utilized LW within a 10 m radius 36% of the time in the upper 3 km rehabilitated reach, and 44% of the time in the lower 4.7 km marginal habitat reach. A greater percentage of LW was utilized in riffles in the upper 3 km reach where 90% of redds were built, while a larger percentage of spawners used LW in riffles in the lower 4.7 km reach. LW‐redd interactions occurred at greater rates than by random chance alone in the lower 4.7 km reach, which implies that LW aids spawning in marginal habitats. River managers and salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) projects should take LW additions into consideration as an important component of river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强震区砂砾石筑坝技术进展

现代工程技术的长足发展,让我国西部强震区建设高混凝土面板和沥青心墙砂砾石坝成为可能。在分析国内外砂砾石坝的基础上,对砂砾石筑坝的工程特性、填筑标准与材料分区进行了研究,提出了解决其抗震稳定性的措施,包括合理的坝体材料分区设计、加强坝体抗震措施和施工技术进步等。