Phytochemical Composition and in Vitro Analysis of Nopal (O. Ficus-Indica) Cladodes at Different Stages of Maturity

This study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile and nutraceutical properties of nopal cladodes (Opuntia ficus-indica) at different stages of maturity. Medium-age cladodes showed the highest total saponins, phytosterols, and indigestible fiber, as well as the highest in vitro antioxidant capacity and digestive enzymes inhibitory activity. Furthermore, these cladodes presented the highest content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, narcissin, nicotiflorin, β-sitosterol, and sitosteryl-3-β-glucopyranoside, as well as several amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids. Whereas young cladodes contained the highest concentration of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins. These results demonstrated that maturity affects the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of nopal cladodes.     

鲣鱼蛋白肽谱效关系研究

采用鲣鱼为原料,以蛋白质回收率为指标,酶解制备不同工艺条件的样品。通过测定其黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)抑制活性、ORAC值、分子质量分布图谱和总氨基酸含量,构建鲣鱼蛋白肽体外化学活性与其分子质量分布图谱、总氨基酸含量图谱之间的谱效关系。结合超高效液相-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)方法研究其降尿酸肽和抗氧化肽的分布。研究表明,鲣鱼蛋白肽的XOD抑制活性与其ORAC值具有显著的相关性。由多肽分子质量<1ku所占含量的分布区段和脂肪族氨基酸的含量可初步预测鲣鱼蛋白肽的化学活性。质谱分析表明,纯化组分的质谱基峰图在不同时间段的信号强度与鲣鱼蛋白肽的降尿酸活性和抗氧化活性具有明显的相关性。     

Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities of peptides prepared from tuna cooking juice and spleen proteases

Tuna cooking juice is a by‐product from the tuna canning industry. In this study, tuna cooking juice was hydrolysed by proteases extracted from the spleen. Tuna cooking juice showed the highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities after hydrolysis for 270 and 180 min, respectively. The hydrolysate was further fractionated by ultrafiltration. The permeate exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities when passed through 1 and 5 kDa cut‐off membranes, respectively. Gel filtration chromatography was used to determine the MW of bioactive peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities. Those peptides that exhibited highest ACE inhibitory and Ca‐binding activities were the MW range of 238–829 Da and 1355–1880 Da, respectively. These results suggest that the tuna cooking juice and the spleen protease extract are a potential source of bioactive peptides that can be utilised as bioactive ingredients in functional food and nutraceuticals.     

添加紫薯提取物和酪蛋白水解物酸奶降血压和护肝功能评价

在普通酸奶的基础上,添加富含花青素的紫薯提取物(purple sweet potato extract,PSPE)-A和富含血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽的酪蛋白水解物(CH-A),制备发酵酸奶,采用动物实验模型评价其降血压和护肝功能。将1 kg中含有3.0 g CH-A+1.5 g PSPE-A的酸奶和1 kg中含有3.0 g CH-A+3.0 g PSPE-A的酸奶,每天以3.33 g/kg(以体质量计,下同)的剂量,分别灌胃原发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHR)。结果显示:在灌胃后4 h,SHR尾动脉收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)分别下降了(23.13±2.41)、(26.23±1.44)mm Hg。将两种酸奶以3.33 kg/kg的剂量连续灌胃30 d,通过酒精性肝损伤模型评价护肝作用。结果显示:两种酸奶对SHR血清及肝脏的5个指标:谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、甘油三酯、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽中至少3个指标(AST、ALT、MDA)水平有显著改善作用(P0.05);通过肝组织病理切片观察,两种酸奶对肝细胞和脂肪代谢均有改善作用。因此,添加富含花青素紫薯提取物和富含ACE抑制肽的酪蛋白水解物的酸奶,在实验的剂量范围内具有降血压和保护肝脏的作用。     

50种植物源化合物对阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌的抑菌活性评价

阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌(Cronobacter sakazkaii)是一种食源性条件致病菌,它能够引起菌血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎和新生儿脑膜炎等多种疾病。本研究选取50种植物源化合物,检测其在含C.sakazkaii培养基中抑菌圈直径及最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),旨在评价植物源化合物对C.sakazakii的抑菌作用并筛查优选高效抑菌剂。结果表明:使C.sakazakii ATCC 29544培养基产生可见抑菌圈的植物源化合物有40种,其中7种(香芹酚、百里醌、百里酚、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、原儿茶醛和原儿茶酸)的抑菌圈平均直径不小于13 mm;在本研究选取的50种植物源化合物中,百里酚和香芹酚对C.sakazakii有着最强的抑制作用,对9株C.sakazkaii的MIC均为0.1~0.2 mg/m L;百里醌、肉桂醛、柠檬醛和原儿茶醛对C.sakazkaii有良好的抑菌效果,对C.sakazkaii的MIC为0.30~1.25 mg/m L;阿魏酸、绿原酸、丁香酸、硫辛酸、原儿茶酸、表儿茶素、咖啡酸、丹皮酚和菊苣酸的MIC为2.50~5.00 mg/m L。以上结果表明,部分植物源化合物对C.sakazakii有良好的抑菌作用,有潜力作为天然抑菌剂应用于食品加工、流通、贮藏过程中,从而发挥其控制C.sakazakii的作用。     

海参二肽基肽酶Ⅳ抑制肽的酶解制备及结构鉴定

通过抑制二肽基肽酶IV(Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, DPP-IV)的活性,从而减少GLP-1的降解,提高血液中胰岛素的水平,是控制血糖水平的一种重要手段。本文以海参(Holothariatubulosa)为原料,通过探究蛋白酶种类、加酶量和酶解时间对酶解产物DPP-IV抑制活性、蛋白回收率和水解度的影响,确定了海参DPP-IV抑制肽的制备条件,并进一步测定了其分子量分布和总氨基酸组成,最后通过UPLC-MS/MS鉴定了其潜在的活性肽序列。结果发现,木瓜蛋白酶与复合蛋白酶1:1的复配酶解具有最佳的酶解效果,其产物的得率和DPP-IV抑制活性均最高,且在加酶量为干海参质量的1%,酶解时间为4 h时,海参酶解产物在终浓度为2 mg/mL时的DPP-IV抑制率为66.97%,蛋白回收率为76.25%,水解度为6.10%。酶解产物的分子量大都小于5000 u,且富含脯氨酸(Pro)和丙氨酸(Ala)等与抑制DPP-IV活性有关的氨基酸。将获得的酶解物中的肽段进行液质联用检测,并通过Mascot分析筛选得到28条具DPP-IV抑制肽的肽序列,分子量在500～1936 u。本实验结果为以海参为原料进行降血糖产品的开发奠定了基础。