基于湿法氧化法测量放射性废树脂中3H和14C的方法

基于湿法氧化法对核电厂产生的放射性废树脂进行前处理，建立了树脂中³H和¹⁴C的测量方法，分析了影响方法回收率的因素，并对国内某核电厂废树脂中的³H和¹⁴C进行了测量。结果表明，H₂O₂浓度对方法回收率影响最大，在最优的氧化条件下，方法回收率达96.8%；³H和¹⁴C最小可探测比活度分别为41 Bq/g和1.3 Bq/g；¹⁴C测量结果与《生物样品中¹⁴C的分析方法 氧弹燃烧法》(GB/T 37865-2019)的测量结果相比，无显著性差异，¹⁴C测量精密度为10.2%。对国内某核电厂废树脂进行测量，³H和¹⁴C的平均比活度分别为（6 134 ±640） Bq/g和（2 724±147） Bq/g。     

Reconstructed Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts: The Impact of Surface Dynamics on Intrinsic Activities

Electroreduction of small molecules such as H₂O, CO₂, and N₂ for producing clean fuels or valuable chemicals provides a sustainable approach to meet the increasing global energy demands and to alleviate the concern on climate change resulting from fossil fuel consumption. On the path to implement this purpose, however, several scientific hurdles remain, one of which is the low energy efficiency due to the sluggish kinetics of the paired oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In response, it is highly desirable to synthesize high-performance and cost-effective OER electrocatalysts. Recent advances have witnessed surface reconstruction engineering as a salient tool to significantly improve the catalytic performance of OER electrocatalysts. In this review, recent progress on the reconstructed OER electrocatalysts and future opportunities are discussed. A brief introduction of the fundamentals of OER and the experimental approaches for generating and characterizing the reconstructed active sites in OER nanocatalysts are given first, followed by an expanded discussion of recent advances on the reconstructed OER electrocatalysts with improved activities, with a particular emphasis on understanding the correlation between surface dynamics and activities. Finally, a prospect for clean future energy communities harnessing surface reconstruction-promoted electrochemical water oxidation will be provided.     

Non-Platinum Group Metal Electrocatalysts toward Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction

Developing non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) represents the efforts towards the more economical use of hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen energy, which has attracted tremendous attention recently. However, non-PGM electrocatalysts for the HOR are still in their early development stages as compared with the significant advances in those for the oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, this paper summarizes the recent progresses and highlights the key challenges for the rational design of non-PGM electrocatalysts, aiming to promote the development of non-PGM HOR electrocatalysts. Fundamental understandings of the HOR mechanism are firstly reviewed, where theoretical interpretations on the low HOR kinetics in alkaline media, including the hydrogen binding energy theory, the bifunctional mechanism, and the water molecule reorganization, are particularly discussed. Subsequently, progresses of typical non-PGM HOR electrocatalysts in acid and alkaline media are summarized separately. For the HOR under alkaline conditions, the superiorities and challenges of Ni-based catalysts are discussed with a particular focus as they are the most promising non-PGM electrocatalysts. Finally, this paper highlights the challenges and provide perspectives on the future development directions of non-PGM HOR electrocatalysts.     

巴音戈壁盆地南部塔木素铀矿床成因探讨

位于巴音戈壁盆地南部的塔木素铀矿床在矿化特征上明显有别于我国北方其他砂岩型铀矿床,对于该矿床的成因也存在较大的争议。通过岩石学、同位素地质学、扫描电子显微镜、阴极发光、径迹蚀刻等综合研究,结果显示塔木素铀矿床巴音戈壁组上段第三岩性段(K 1 b 2-3)含铀泥灰岩至少经历了4个阶段的成岩作用,铀矿物呈微粒(粒径<1μm)浸染状分布于最早期的角砾中,具有沉积成岩成因特征,成矿物质主要来自于沉积成岩期水体中溶解的铀并因蒸发浓缩作用而富集在特定的层位。巴音戈壁组上段第二岩性段(K 1 b 2-2)含铀砂岩在沉积成岩阶段盆地内封存的高矿化度地下水与碎屑物之间以及成岩后酸性地表水与碳酸盐胶结物之间共发生了两个阶段的水岩作用,每个阶段形成了表现特征不同的铀矿化。沥青铀矿U-Pb同位素测试结果显示,区内最早的铀矿化形成时间为111.6±8.1 Ma,与砂岩形成时间接近,而最新的铀矿化形成时间为2.5 Ma,具有明显后生成因特征,综合研究显示砂岩中的铀矿化具有沉积成岩及后期层间氧化叠加改造双重成因特征,沉积成岩期成矿物质主要来自封存的地下水,而层间氧化期成矿物质主要来自地表水带入的铀及富铀岩层。同时研究认为塔木素铀矿床存在后期热液活动,但暂未发现热液活动与铀成矿具有直接的成因联系。     

Enhanced methanol oxidation on PtNi nanoparticles supported on silane-modified reduced graphene oxide

Developing low cost, highly efficient, and long-term stability electrocatalysts are critical for direct oxidation methanol fuel cell. Despite huge efforts, designing low-cost electrocatalysts with high activity and long-term durability remains a significant technical challenge. Here, we prepared a new kind of platinum-nickel catalyst supported on silane-modified graphene oxide (NH₂-rGO) by a two-step method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, Raman, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirm that GO was successfully modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which helps to uniformly disperse PtNi nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, CO-stripping and rotating disk electrode (RDE) results imply that PtNi/NH₂-rGO catalyst has significantly higher catalytic activity, enhance the CO toxicity resistance, higher stability and much faster kinetics of methanol oxidation than commercial Pt/C under alkaline conditions.     

Swapping catalytic active sites from cationic Ni to anionic F in Fe–F–Ni3S2 enables more efficient alkaline oxygen evolution reaction and urea oxidation reaction

Electrolysis of water for producing hydrogen instead of traditional fossil fuels is one of the most promising methods to alleviate environmental pollution and energy crisis. In this work, Fe and F ion co-doped Ni₃S₂ nanoarrays grown on Ni foam substrate were prepared by typical hydrothermal and sulfuration processes for the first time. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation demonstrate that the adsorption energy of the material to water is greatly enhanced due to the doping of F and Fe, which is conducive to the formation of intermediate species and the improvement of electrochemical performance of the electrode. The adsorption energy of anions (F and S) and cations (Fe and Ni) to water in each material was also calculated, and the results showed that F ion showed the most optimal adsorption energy of water, which proved that the doping of F and Fe was beneficial to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode. It is worth noting that the surface of Fe–F–Ni₃S₂ material will undergo reconstruction during the process of water oxidation reaction and urea oxidation reaction, and amorphous oxides or hydroxides in situ would be formed on the surface of electrode, which are the real active species.     

Evaluation of physicochemical properties and microbial counts of raw and cooked low-fat patties added with eggplant powder prepared with different drying methods

Effects of different drying methods and different addition levels of eggplant (EP) on product quality of low-fat patties (LFPs) were investigated during storage. EP was dried in an oven dryer at 60 °C or a freeze dryer at −50 °C. LFPs were prepared by replacing with 1.5% soy protein isolate (SPI). Six treatments were used in this study: (1) control (CTL), without addition of EP; (2) reference (REF), 0.1% ascorbic acid; (3) O1, 0.25% oven-dried (OD) EP; (4) O2, 0.5% ODEP; (5) F1, 0.25% freeze-dried (FD) EP; and (6) F2, 0.5% FDEP. Redness (a*) and lightness (L*) values in LFPs added with EP were lower than those of others (p < 0.05) and decreased with increasing storage time. Yellowness (b*) values of cooked patties were increased during storage time (p < 0.05), with control having the highest value. The addition of EP or ascorbic acid into LFPs lowered microbial counts than control (p < 0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was increased during storage, with REF having the lowest value, and patties added with EP had lower TBARS values than control during storage. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN, mg%) contents of all patties also increased during storage time with O2 and F2 having lower values than control. Therefore, EP might have potential as a natural antioxidant in meat products during storage.     

Wavelength-dependent photoactivity of ZnxCd1−xS and ZnCo2O4/ZnxCd1−xS for H2 and H2O2 production

Zinc cadmium sulfide (Zn_xCd_1?xS) is a good photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but an optimum x (x_m) at which a maximum HER rate is reached varies from one report to another. In this work, we examine the effect of light wavelength, not only for the HER to H₂ in the presence of Na₂S and Na₂SO₃, but also for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) without addition of any sacrifices. For the HER under a 365 and 420 nm LED lamp, the x_m were 0.9 and 0.7, respectively. For the HER under a 330 and 395–515 nm cut-off xenon lamp, the x_m were 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. For the ORR under a 420 nm cut-off halogen lamp, a maximum production of H₂O₂ was observed at x = 0.3. Furthermore, after 4% ZnCo₂O₄ loading, Zn_xCd_1?xS had an increased activity and stability, either for the HER or for the ORR. Through a (photo)electrochemical measurement, it is proposed that the photocatalytic activity of Zn_xCd_1?xS is determined by its light absorptivity and electron reactivity. The improved performance of n-type Zn_xCd_1?xS by p-type ZnCo₂O₄ is due to formation of a p-n junction, promoting the HER (ORR) on Zn_xCd_1?xS, and the sulfide (water) oxidation on ZnCo₂O₄. This work highlights that Zn_xCd_1-xS is a promising photocatalyst for H₂ and H₂O₂ production, respectively.     

Effects of multiple freeze–thaw cycles on meat quality,nutrients, water distribution and microstructure in bovine rumen smooth muscle

This study investigated the effect of 5 freeze–thaw cycles (freezing at −18°C for 12 h and then thawing at 4°C for approximately 12 h) on the meat quality, proximate composition, water distribution and microstructure of bovine rumen smooth muscle (BSM). As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, BSM pH, shear force, water content and protein content decreased by 3.06%, 35.50%, 14.49% and 21.11%, respectively, whereas BSM thawing loss, cooking loss, pressing loss, total aerobic count (TAC), ash content and fat content increased by 108.12%, 47.75%, 78.33%, 90.99%, 105% and 35.20%, respectively. The freeze–thaw cycles resulted in greater protein and lipid oxidation, as evidenced by a 36.46% reduction in the sulfhydryl content and a 209.06% and 338.46% increase in the carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents, respectively. Ice crystal formation disrupted the structural integrity of the muscle tissue. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results showed that the freeze–thaw cycles prolonged the relaxation times (T_2b, T₂₁ and T₂₂), indicating that immobile water shifted to free water, and consequently, free water mobility increased. After 3 freeze–thaw cycles, the decline in shear force slowed, the increase in thawing loss became accelerated, and the TAC approached the domain value (6 log colony-forming units/g). Therefore, the number of freeze–thaw cycles of smooth muscle during transport, storage and distribution should be controlled to 3 or fewer. The current results provide a theoretical basis and data support for the further utilisation and culinary processing of smooth muscle.