Acquisition and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance: A tet(X) Case Study

Understanding the mechanisms leading to the rise and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is crucially important for the preservation of power of antimicrobials and controlling infectious diseases. Measures to monitor and detect AMR, however, have been significantly delayed and introduced much later after the beginning of industrial production and consumption of antimicrobials. However, monitoring and detection of AMR is largely focused on bacterial pathogens, thus missing multiple key events which take place before the emergence and spread of AMR among the pathogens. In this regard, careful analysis of AMR development towards recently introduced antimicrobials may serve as a valuable example for the better understanding of mechanisms driving AMR evolution. Here, the example of evolution of tet(X), which confers resistance to the next-generation tetracyclines, is summarised and discussed. Initial mechanisms of resistance to these antimicrobials among pathogens were mostly via chromosomal mutations leading to the overexpression of efflux pumps. High-level resistance was achieved only after the acquisition of flavin-dependent monooxygenase-encoding genes from the environmental microbiota. These genes confer resistance to all tetracyclines, including the next-generation tetracyclines, and thus were termed tet(X). ISCR2 and IS26, as well as a variety of conjugative and mobilizable plasmids of different incompatibility groups, played an essential role in the acquisition of tet(X) genes from natural reservoirs and in further dissemination among bacterial commensals and pathogens. This process, which took place within the last decade, demonstrates how rapidly AMR evolution may progress, taking away some drugs of last resort from our arsenal.     

机井自动化供水方案改进

针对民乐县农村人饮机井水位自动供水系统控制中存在的可靠性低、成本高等问题,文章结合深井泵提取地下水进行供水的实际情况,提出了软启动控制柜+浮球开关+微电脑时间控制器改进的思路和方法,运用效果良好。     

MHD mixed convection of a Cu–water nanofluid flow through a channel with an open trapezoidal cavity and an elliptical obstacle

In the current work, numerical simulations are achieved to study the properties and the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer of (Cu–water) nanofluid under the magnetohydrodynamic effects in a horizontal rectangular canal with an open trapezoidal enclosure and an elliptical obstacle. The cavity lower wall is grooved and represents the heat source while the obstacle represents a stationary cold wall. On the other hand, the rest of the walls are considered adiabatic. The governing equations for this investigation are formulated, nondimensionalized, and then solved by Galerkin finite element approach. The numerical findings were examined across a wide range of Richardson number (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10), Reynolds number (1 ≤ Re ≤ 125), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), and volume fraction of nanofluid (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.05). The current study's findings demonstrate that the flow strength increases inversely as the Reynolds number rises, which pushes the isotherms down to the lower part of the trapezoidal cavity. The Nu_avg rises as the Ri rise, the maximum Nu_avg = 10.345 at Ri = 10, Re = 50, ϕ = 0.05, and Ha = 0; however, it reduces with increasing Hartmann number. Also, it increase by increasing ϕ, at Ri = 10, the Nu_avg increased by 8.44% when the volume fraction of nanofluid increased from (ϕ = 0–0.05).     

KCl/NaCl/CPI复合盐阳离子聚合物钻井液在南海大斜度井段中的应用

为改善南海东部惠州25-8油田大斜度井因泥岩水化造浆而引起的井壁失稳和钻井液增稠影响携砂的问题,在现有成熟PLUS/KCl钻井液的基础上开展复合盐阳离子聚合物钻井液研究,对钻井液配方进行了优化,评价了优化后钻井液的流变性、抑制性、封堵性和润滑性,并在惠州油田进行了现场应用。结果表明,复合盐阳离子聚合物钻井液配方中,无机盐类抑制剂KCl和NaCl的适宜加量为3%和12%、有机阳离子聚合物抑制剂PF-CPI适宜的加量为2.0%。该钻井液抑制性强,防膨率高达93.32%,钻屑回收率87.56%;受到钻屑侵污后的钻井液流变性能波动小,仍具有较低的黏度和合适的切力,有利于大斜度井携砂;封堵性和润滑性均优于PLUS/KCl钻井液体系。现场应用2口井,钻井液流变性良好,平均起下钻速度提高,钻井过程顺利,无复杂情况发生。复合盐阳离子聚合物钻井液可改善南海大斜度井起下钻阻卡的问题。     

油气田开发动态监测新手段——数值试井分析

我国的大多数油田都已步入了开发后期阶段,生产井含水较高,对油气田开发动态监测技术有着更高的要求。油气田开发动态监测作为油田生产工作的基础,是油田开发过程中不可或缺的一个环节,是油气田合理开发的保障。根据油气田开发动态监测技术内容,提出其发展面临的主要问题。并基于上述研究,对数值试井分析技术进行分析,预测现阶段油气田开发动态监测技术的发展方向。     

安塞油田高含水油井化学堵水研究与现场应用

针对安塞油田高含水油井,重点开展了压裂、增注等措施,取得了较好效果,但存在单井费用高、有效率低、效果差异大等缺点。对此,有针对性的采取了化学堵水技术,对恢复高含水油井的正常产能,提高油井采出程度,改善油藏整体开发水平起着至关重要的作用。     

水平管段塞流特性及参数研究方法讨论

天然气于当前时代因其具有热值高、储量大而且污染小的能源而被广泛应用于各行业的生产中。油田伴生气是天然气的一项主要来源,为了提高经济性,用单条管道实行油气混输输至下游是一种常见的输送方式,这就有必要对复杂的多相流进行多方面的分析。在混输管路中,段塞流自身具有流动参数不稳定、流动形式复杂、给下游设施危害极大而又广泛存在于各种多相流的管路等不利因素,在设法减小甚至是消除段塞流之前,我们需要对段塞流的形成及流动特点等进行充分研究。当前对于多相流管路中流动的研究大体上以数值模拟和设计实验两方面入手。选取了水平管路中的段塞流流动特性及参数进行两方面的讲述。     

气藏型储气库注气期试井分析探讨

针对气藏型储气库注采井注采过程中储层物性参数影响因素不明确、注采能力不对称的问题。基于相国寺储气库井下连续油管试井测试结果,提出储气库注气期“温降效应”、“变表皮效应”的概念,分析了储气库注采过程中温降效应、变表皮效应以及储层应力敏感对注采的影响。通过气藏型储气库注气期试井分析技术,研究各因素在试井曲线上的响应特征以及对试井解释参数的影响。结果表明:①相对于采气期试井测试,注气期测试得到的储层物性参数具有同样的参考价值;②储气库温降效应对于试井解释结果的影响可忽略不计,而在不同注采运行周期内,变表皮效应以及应力敏感效应影响差异较大;③编制储气库注采运行方案时应充分考虑变表皮效应与应力敏感的影响,在不同注采运行周期内开展试井测试获取准确的储层参数值。研究成果为储气库试井测试与解释提供了重要的研究依据和理论指导。     

致密砂岩气藏水平井测井评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田X井区为例

致密气藏中有相当一部分水平井测井系列少、评价难度大，如何利用有限的测井资料有效开展水平井测井评价，对气藏高效开发具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田X井区为例，结合地质和生产动态等资料，利用水平井仅有的随钻伽马测井和气测录井资料开展测井评价研究，形成了基于伽马峰值和全烃有效指示因子的双参数水平井产能评价方法，有效提高了水平井产能评价精度，为同类气藏水平井测井评价提供了借鉴。研究认为，基于随钻伽马峰值分析能够有效对储层进行评价，大牛地X井区山西组和下石盒子组高产井目的层段随钻伽马值的分布均表现出了明显的单峰特征，而低产井则表现为双峰或不具有明显的峰值特征，主要与水平井钻遇砂体的稳定性有关。利用X井区气测录井资料，构建了基于全烃有效指示因子用于评价单井产能，并建立了山西组和下石盒子组水平井经济产能的气测录井指标。综合上述两种方法，形成双参数水平井产能评价方法，准确评价了X井区水平井单井产能。     

可控中子及X射线源测井技术发展现状及趋势

随着核仪器技术的进步以及安全健康的工业发展需求，具有人工可控性的中子源及X射线源逐步在测井领域得到推广应用，为油气等矿产资源的勘探开发提供了关键技术手段。可控中子及X射线源测井技术是以中子发生器或X射线管产生的中子或X射线与地层物质作用，通过探测中子、伽马或X射线从而进行地层孔隙度、密度、油气饱和度和元素含量的测井技术。本文概述了可控中子及X射线源测井技术，回顾了其发展历程；介绍了可控中子及X射线测井技术在数值模拟、仪器研制及数据处理方法方面的研究现状及应用，并展望了可控中子及X射线源测井技术的发展前景，认为未来可控中子及X射线源测井技术可从以下三个方面开展研究：分析不同射线在能量、时间及空间的分布规律，开展探测理论基础研究；联合不同学科优势，开展多类型多模式的新型仪器研制；增强谱数据校正及解析方法研究，开展谱信息综合分析及应用。