Relationship of cow and calf circulating lipidomes with colostrum lipid composition and metabolic status of the cow

Newborn calves rely on lipids in colostrum for energy and immune function. The lipid concentration in colostrum, however, is highly variable, and little is known about its composition and maternal factors that influence its composition. The first objective was to measure plasma lipid composition of multiparous cows at 35 d before calving (BC; 35 ± 3 d; ± standard deviation) and 7 d BC (7 ± 2 d), their colostrum, and serum lipid composition of calves (24 h after birth) using multiple reaction monitoring profiling, which is an exploratory and highly sensitive lipidomic analysis method that screens lipids based on chemical functionality. Second, data were analyzed to determine if there were relationships between circulating lipids in the cow, colostrum lipids, and calf serum lipids. Third, relationships between markers of metabolic status of the cows and circulating and colostrum lipids were analyzed with correlation analysis. Blood was sampled and plasma prepared from multiparous cows (n = 16) at 35 and 7 d BC. Within 3 h of parturition, colostrum was collected from cows and fed to her calf. Calves received another feeding of colostrum within 12 h after birth and a serum sample was collected from each calf 24 h after the first feeding of colostrum. The metabolic status of cows was evaluated using insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test performed at 3 wk BC. Lipids were extracted from plasma, colostrum, and calf serum and were analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring profiling. Concentration of lipids were calculated using spiked in standards and expressed as percent of lipids identified. Data were uploaded into MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for multivariate and univariate analysis. Principal component analysis indicated that circulating lipids in the cow and calf were distinct from lipids in colostrum. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) concentration was greater in colostrum and calf serum than in cow plasma, with 23 of the 24 PG found in colostrum also found in calf serum. In response to intravenous glucose tolerance test in late gestation, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve was positively related to total triacylglycerols lipids in 7 d BC plasma (r = 0.63) but negatively related to total membrane lipids in colostrum (r = ?0.55). Thus, the metabolic status of the dam influences circulating lipids and colostrum lipid content. Moreover, the circulating lipidome of the cow and calf are similar to one another and distinct from the colostrum lipidome, except for PG, where it appears that colostrum serves as the source for PG in the calf's circulation.     

我国MTBE的生产使用现状及趋势分析

对我国MTBE的生产工艺及下游产品进行了详细的分析,重点分析了影响MTBE产品生产使用的各方面因素,从能源方针、车用燃料政策及环保要求等角度对我国MTBE产品的未来发展趋势进行了预测分析。结果显示,2020年以后我国汽油调和用MTBE的生产使用量将逐步降低,但此过程可能会较为平缓。     

法经济学视角下中国食品安全事件的规制维度

根据法经济学的理性经济人假设,食品安全事件产生的主要原因在于食品安全违法行为的总收益大于风险成本,以及违法行为人对食品安全违法行为成本的较低预期和对食品安全违法行为危害的较低预期。当前食品安全相关的法律规制却存在对食品安全违法行为的惩罚过轻、食品行业龙头企业违法行为频现,以及缺乏对食品安全规制的整体规划等问题,从而使食品安全违法行为具有了相当的获利空间,成为当前食品安全事件频发的主要原因。因此,有必要通过加大惩罚力度增加违法成本、建立龙头企业重点监控制度、提高违法成本预期,以及科学规划食品安全规制、加大打击力度等法律规制手段,实现对食品安全事件的有效控制。     

上海市在用工业锅炉节能现状分析与对策

对上海市在用工业锅炉运行状况进行了现场调研。结合近年能效测试情况和在用工业锅炉运行信息,分析了上海市在用工业锅炉系统运行状况及存在问题。针对上海市在用工业锅炉运行情况,提出了节能管理措施和提高锅炉能效的建议。     

云南民族传统鸡肉产品的现状

云南是原鸡后代的繁衍地且中国西南部的少数民族可能是最早驯化鸡的族群之一,因此云南地区拥有许多优良鸡种,且因云南各少数民族间有不同的文化差异,饮食习惯也稍有不同,对于鸡肉产品也大多遵循传统加工工艺,极具民族特色,风味独特,备受人们喜爱。同时由于我国鸡肉产品的平均深加工程度与世界相差较大,发展鸡肉产品深加工对加快我国肉类工业的发展有着重要的意义。因此本文阐述了云南民族传统鸡肉产品加工工艺和风味的特点;分析了产品工艺、品牌知名度、工业化等多个方面的发展现状;总结了产品现存缺乏理论指导、质量难以控制等问题,并对云南民族传统鸡肉产品的未来发展提出建议,以期推动云南鸡肉产品产业化、现代化,同时为鸡肉产品深加工提供理论依据。     

Effect of health status evaluated at arrival on growth in milk-fed veal calves: A prospective single cohort study

The objective of this prospective single cohort study was to determine the effect of health status at arrival on growth in milk-fed veal calves. Upon arrival at the veal facility, calves were evaluated using a standardized health scoring system and weighed, and the supplier of the calf was recorded. The calves were followed until slaughter, when the hot carcass weight (HCW) was reported. To calculate average daily gain (ADG), the HCW was transformed into an estimated live weight, weight at arrival was subtracted, and this value was divided by the number of days on feed. A mixed linear regression model was created to evaluate the association of health status on arrival with the ADG throughout the production period. A total of 4,825 calves were evaluated at arrival; however, due to inconsistent HCW data from one slaughter plant, and 357 calves dying during the production period, 2,283 calves were used for analysis. In the final model, 7 variables were significantly associated with ADG. Housing location within the farm, method of calf procurement (drover or auction-derived calves versus direct delivery from local farms) and having a higher body weight at arrival were associated with a higher ADG. The season of arrival (summer or fall compared with winter) and being dehydrated at arrival were associated with a lower ADG. Days on feed was also significant in the multivariable model and had a quadratic relationship with ADG. The associations identified suggest that there may be value in scoring dehydration and body weight at arrival to a veal facility.     

当前新材料及所需战略性矿产概述

材料与矿产资源密切相关,稀土、硼、石墨等战略性资源都是研制、制造新材料必不可少的"味精"和"激素"。本文根据工业和信息化部、国家发展和改革委员会、科学技术部、财政部2017年联合制定的《新材料产业发展指南》,总结归纳了当前重点应用领域急需的十大新材料和五大前沿新材料。重点应用领域急需的十大新材料:新一代信息技术产业用材料、高档数控机床和机器人材料、航空航天装备材料、海洋工程装备及高技术船舶用材料、先进轨道交通装备材料、节能与新能源汽车材料、电力装备材料、农机装备材料、生物医药及高性能医疗器械材料、节能环保材料;五大前沿新材料:石墨烯、增材制造材料、纳米材料、超导材料、极端环境材料。在此基础上,简要介绍了这些材料所需的重要矿产及国内外的资源概况,并对于保障程度不高的矿产资源提出了预警和开发利用对策。     

网络订餐对食品安全的影响及法律规制

由于网络订餐运营模式同传统餐饮行业的较大差异,现行《食品安全法》对其食品安全进行了专门的规定。然而,由于网络订餐出现的时间不长,其依然存在行政监管缺位、第三方平台缺乏必要的食品安全审核和管理机制、消费者缺乏食品安全意识等食品安全隐患。有必要采取建立以食品药品监督管理机关为主的监管体系、加强第三方平台的自律管理、确立第三方平台的食品安全提示义务等法律规制措施,才能保证网络订餐的正常健康发展。     

关于锦州市食品小作坊食品安全状况的调查报告

目的 对锦州市食品小作坊食品安全状况进行调查，并对调查结果进行分析，以期了解锦州食品加工小作坊的加工现状与存在的安全问题。方法 采用线上与线下相结合的方式对锦州食品小作坊食品安全现状进行调查分析，对问卷与实地记录进行数据分类整理与统计汇总，并对数据进行分析。结果 锦州食品小作坊食品购买者主要是21至30岁的青年人，学生、上班族构成购买小作坊食品的主要消费群体，消费者对食品安全问题的防范意识不强。在设备设施方面，锦州食品小作坊普遍存在加工设施简陋、陈旧现象，65.6%的食品小作坊没有明确的分工场所，并存在有原辅料与半成品、成品混放现象；72.63%的食品小作坊存在加工器具老化、锈渍、不卫生现象；在从业人员方面，多数未持有健康证明从事食品加工行业，并且71%的食品小作坊从业人员存在缺少食品安全知识，卫生观念差、法律意识淡薄等问题；在生产管理方面，存在擅自添加、掺假掺杂现象。在食品包装和标识方面，60.53%的食品小作坊存在生产日期、保质期等信息残缺、不完整现象，同时70%锦州食品小作坊未达到备案的条件要求，在无《食品生产许可证》条件下进行生产加工。结论 通过对锦州市食品小作坊安全状况的调查，了解了食品加工小作坊加工现状与存在的安全问题并分析原因，提出政府应设立食品风险预警与风险交流的媒介，进行科普与法律宣传、市场监管部门加强监管与巡查力度，消费者增强食品安全意识与维权意识等建议。     

肉桂特色资源加工利用产业发展现状

肉桂是我国特色经济林树种，我国肉桂种植面积和年产量均居世界首位。我国肉桂主要分布在两广地区，其中广西为14.9万hm²，广东为8.9万hm²，两地面积占全国肉桂分布总面积的95%以上。肉桂既是著名的香料又是传统的名贵中药，具有极高的经济价值，发展肉桂产业对于促进农民增收、维护健康中国有着重要的意义。本研究综述了肉桂资源量、分布情况及主要利用部位，介绍肉桂主要产品（如桂皮，桂枝，肉桂粉及肉桂油）及加工技术现状、产品质量控制及其分析检测方法，分析了产业未来的发展趋势，并提出了产业发展的对策和措施：加强肉桂标准化示范基地建设，提高优质资源供给能力；提高肉桂加工利用技术水平，延长产业链；培育肉桂龙头企业，提高产品市场竞争力。为我国肉桂特色资源加工利用产业的可持续发展提供一定的思路。