Farmers' preferences for adopting on-farm concentration of raw milk: Results from a discrete choice experiment in Germany

Milk concentrates are used in the manufacturing of dairy products such as yogurt and cheese or are processed into milk powder. Processes for the nonthermal separation of water and valuable milk ingredients are becoming increasingly widespread at farm level. The technical barriers to using farm-manufactured milk concentrate in dairies are minimal, hence the suspicion that the practice of on-farm raw milk concentration is still fairly uncommon for economic reasons. This study, therefore, set out to investigate farmers' potential willingness to adopt a raw milk concentration plant. The empirical analysis was based on discrete choice experiments with 75 German dairy farmers to identify preferences and the possible adoption of on-farm raw milk concentration. The results showed that, in particular, farmers who deemed the current milk price to be insufficient viewed on-farm concentration using membrane technology as an option for diversifying their milk sales. We found no indication that adoption would be impeded by a lack of trustworthy information on milk processing technologies or capital.     

铅基卤素钙钛矿阻变式存储器研究进展

随着数字通信在大数据以及物联网等领域的应用,推动了下一代存储设备的发展。阻变式存储器因其功耗低、尺寸可调、操作速度快等优点被认为是最有前景的信息存储器件之一。近年来,兼具成本低、带隙可调、载流子扩散长度长、离子迁移速率快、载流子迁移率高等优点的铅基卤素钙钛矿,在阻变式存储器领域引起了广泛关注。主要对铅基卤素钙钛矿阻变式存储器最新研究进展进行了概述,就铅基卤素钙钛矿阻变式存储器结构、阻变性能、阻变机理等方面进行了综述。最后,对铅基卤素钙钛矿阻变式存储器当前面临的挑战进行了讨论,并对其未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

Probabilistic learning on manifolds (PLoM) with partition

The probabilistic learning on manifolds (PLoM) introduced in 2016 has solved difficult supervised problems for the “small data” limit where the number N of points in the training set is small. Many extensions have since been proposed, making it possible to deal with increasingly complex cases. However, the performance limit has been observed and explained for applications for which N is very small and for which the dimension of the diffusion-map basis is close to N. For these cases, we propose a novel extension based on the introduction of a partition in independent random vectors. We take advantage of this development to present improvements of the PLoM such as a simplified algorithm for constructing the diffusion-map basis and a new mathematical result for quantifying the concentration of the probability measure in terms of a probability upper bound. The analysis of the efficiency of this extension is presented through two applications.     

电商平台产品共同购买网络的影响因素研究

共同购买网络的推荐系统应用越加广泛，仅基于网络内生结构变量研究其共同购买链接的经济意义已有局限，故加入网络口碑这一外生变量，进行更全面的分析。采用了社会网络方法中指数随机图模型进行建模，主要围绕产品销售量、产品入度、差评率和评论数4个方面因素，探究其对共同购买网络中共同购买链接形成的影响。结果显示，销售量、产品入度和评论数对共同购买链接形成的影响呈正比关系，而差评率则会显著地降低产品共同购买的几率。该指数随机图构建出的共同购买网络为在线电商平台管理网络口碑和推荐系统优化设计提供有益参考。     

超精密气体静压系统节流器法向随机微振动研究

以无气腔平面节流器为研究对象,对节流器流固耦合法向随机微振动进行了理论仿真和实验研究。受限于节流器厚度与气膜厚度尺寸的差异和输入初始边界条件,建立了节流器的COMSOL仿真简化模型,对节流器-气膜微流场进行双向流固耦合数值模拟。仿真结果表明,节流器的法向随机微振动幅值关于节流器中心对称,且由中心向边缘逐渐增大;微振动幅值随气体入口流速的增大而增大。实验采用纳米级激光测振仪,依次测量供气压力为0.1,0.2,…,0.5 MPa时尺寸为75 mm×50 mm×14 mm的HEXAGON双环联结型节流器多个不同位置的法向振动,实验结果表明,法向随机微振动幅值分布特性与仿真结果一致,关于节流器中心对称,且由中心向边缘逐渐增大,验证了节流器法向微振动的"跷跷板"振动形式;在0.5 MPa供气压力下,边缘振动幅值超过1 nm。对实验数据进行功率谱密度分析,结果表明不同供气压力下法向随机微振动均在9.4 kHz和10.6 kHz处产生较大功率,可认为与节流器-气膜流固耦合系统的固有频率有关。研究结果有效地揭示了节流器法向随机微振动的特性,为气体静压系统避开随机共振区、优化气体静压系统的设计提供了理论指导。     

换热网络优化的随机摄动方法及其应用

启发式算法在处理换热网络问题时具有可操作性强、搜索域大等优点,但由于局部解众多,算法很难寻得全局最优。本研究基于强制进化随机游走算法,以费用下降为强制进化方向,按照换热量最小,公用工程、流股匹配回路是否存在的优先顺序确定摄动对象;并以一定的概率对其进行随机地换热量线性变化或直接消去。重复寻找原结构下的更优分布或者新的网络结构。此外,引入梯度近似公式提高随机摄动方法的搜索精度。最后,通过计算10股流和20股流算例得到相较文献更低的年综合费用,分别为5 586 942和1 739 079$/a,证明该方法能够有效地促进换热网络结构进化,得到更优的网络结构。     

Stochastic collocation-based nonlinear analysis of concrete bridges with uncertain parameters

This paper focuses on the stochastic response of concrete bridges considering uncertainty in bearing and abutment stiffness. A multi-span simply supported bridge with concrete girders is selected. A 3D-dimensional model is prepared, and nonlinear response history analyses are performed. For the numerical dynamic simulation, the non-sampling stochastic method based on generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) expansion is utilised. The uncertain parameters include the vertical and shear stiffness of bearings and the lateral stiffness of abutments are presented by the truncated gPC expansions. Furthermore, the system response such as base shear, acceleration, velocity and displacement in different columns is presented by gPC expansion with unknown deterministic coefficients. The stochastic Galerkin projection is employed to calculate a set of deterministic equations. A non-intrusive solution, as a set of collocation points, determines the unknown gPC coefficients of the system response and the results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. The key advantage of spectral discretization is the combination of the mentioned method with the spatial discretization, e.g. finite element model. This study also emphasises the accuracy in results and time efficiency of the proposed non-sampling method for uncertainty quantification of stochastic systems comparing to sampling procedure (e.g. Monte Carlo simulation).     

基于自适应NLM算法的地震勘探随机噪声压制研究

针对地震信号中有效信号数据存在重复性与冗余信息较多等特点，对比分析了传统的NLM算法与改进后的自适应NLM算法对地震勘探随机噪声压制，研究了不同SNR下的模拟地震信号以及两种方法去噪后的MSE和SNR对比，研究得出:当采用传统的NLM算法时，由于整个地震数据信号只利用一个滤波参数，忽略了信号区域内的不同噪声强度与结构特性，效果不佳；而采用自适应的NLM算法的滤波方法，能够较好的实现滤波的效果，模拟仿真信号与真实地震信号的滤波效果，有效验证了改进算法的自适应NLM算法对地震勘探随机噪声具有较好的压制去噪作用。     

基于CFD-DEM方法的净化器流场模拟与结构优化

针对空气净化器能耗高的问题，使用离散元方法(DEM)在吸附滤网中建立随机堆积柱形活性炭模型，采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对空气净化器内部流场进行数值模拟，在模拟与实验验证的基础上，考察了压降最小、流场最均匀的吸附滤网结构。结果表明，空气净化器压降主要发生在轴向，活性炭吸附滤网中回流、沟流现象严重，流体阻力是其他两种滤网的3倍。边数对多边形填充孔结构吸附滤网内压降与流场均匀性无影响，当孔结构改为圆形时，压降减小约52 Pa，节能18.4%(49 W)；当孔直径由8 mm增至12 mm，压降减小约48 Pa，节能19.4%(45 W)；滤网间距对空气净化器压降无影响，圆形、小孔径的吸附滤网内流场最均匀。