Predictive formulas for different measures of cheese yield using milk composition from individual goat samples

The objective of this study was to develop formulas based on milk composition of individual goat samples for predicting cheese yield (%CY) traits (fresh curd, milk solids, and water retained in the curd). The specific aims were to assess and quantify (1) the contribution of major milk components (fat, protein, and casein) and udder health indicators (lactose, somatic cell count, pH, and bacterial count) on %CY traits (fresh curd, milk solids, and water retained in the curd); (2) the cheese-making method; and (3) goat breed effects on prediction accuracy of the %CY formulas. The %CY traits were analyzed in duplicate from 600 goats, using an individual laboratory cheese-making procedure (9-MilCA method; 9 mL of milk per observation) for a total of 1,200 observations. Goats were reared in 36 herds and belonged to 6 breeds (Saanen, Murciano-Granadina, Camosciata delle Alpi, Maltese, Sarda, and Sarda Primitiva). Fresh %CY (%CY_CURD), total solids (%CY_SOLIDS), and water retained (%CY_WATER) in the curd were used as response variables. Single and multiple linear regression models were tested via different combinations of standard milk components (fat, protein, casein) and indirect udder health indicators (UHI; lactose, somatic cell count, pH, and bacterial count). The 2 %CY observations within animal were averaged, and a cross-validation (CrV) scheme was adopted, in which 80% of observations were randomly assigned to the calibration (CAL) set and 20% to the validation (VAL) set. The procedure was repeated 10 times to account for sampling variability. Further, the model presenting the best prediction accuracy in CrV (i.e., comprehensive formula) was used in a secondary analysis to assess the accuracy of the %CY predictive formulas as part of the laboratory cheese-making procedure (within-animal validation, WAV), in which the first %CY observation within animal was assigned to CAL, and the second to the VAL set. Finally, a stratified CrV (SCrV) was adopted to assess the %CY traits prediction accuracy across goat breeds, again using the best model, in which 5 breeds were included in CAL and the remaining one in the VAL set. Fitting statistics of the formulas were assessed by coefficient of determination of validation (R²_VAL) and the root mean square error of validation (RMSE_VAL). In CrV, the formula with the best prediction accuracy for all %CY traits included fat, casein, and UHI (R²_VAL = 0.65, 0.96, and 0.23 for %CY_CURD, %CY_SOLIDS, and %CY_WATER, respectively). The WAV procedure showed R²_VAL higher than those obtained in CrV, evidencing a low effect of the 9-MilCA method and, indirectly, its high repeatability. In the SCrV, large differences for %CY_CURD and %CY_WATER among breeds evidenced that the breed is a fundamental factor to consider in %CY predictive formulas. These results may be useful to monitor milk composition and quantify the influence of milk traits in the composite selection indices of specific breeds, and for the direct genetic improvement of cheese production.     

SBP-SAT方法及其在波动领域的应用

基于分部求和(Summation By Parts)方法和同时逼近项(Simultaneous Approximation Terms)技术建立的有限差分方法,具有更高的精度和稳定性。同时在介质几何不连续、参数突变条件具有较大的优势。国内对SBP-SAT方法的相关研究目前较少,论文对该方法的研究背景,方法发展过程进行了介绍并基于SBP-SAT方法和弹性波动理论,结合初边值条件,推导出曲线网格条件下的弹性波动SBP-SAT离散方程。最后,通过数值模拟实现地震波传播过程,介绍该方法在地震数值模拟领域中的应用价值和前景。     

基于FLUENT技术的折褶滤芯结构参数研究

介绍了折褶滤芯的类型和结构参数,结合前人的经验总结出了一套适用于计算折褶滤芯压力损失的理论公式.以125L过滤器为依托,通过验证计算找出了两种折褶滤芯的最优参数,并利用FLUENT技术模拟出在给定压力下折褶滤芯内外部的速度和压力的变化,进一步验证了理论公式的正确性.     

钢-混凝土混合结构研究概述

回顾了混合结构体系的发展史，介绍了这种结构体系的力学分析方法和设计要点，同时指出了混合结构的优缺点和尚待解决的一些问题，以使其更广泛地应用到各类建筑中。     

南京地区土体热物理性质测试与分析

通过对南京地区大量黏土和粉质黏土样品的比热容值和导热值的测试，分析土体热物理性质与其含水量、孔隙比的相关关系。对影响土体比热容值、导热值的因素作了详细分析，提出根据土体含水量计算土体比热容和根据含水量、孔隙比值计算土体热导率的经验计算公式。     

平板式筏基计算方法的改进和简化

平板式筏基为无梁体系 ,传力简捷 ,整体刚度好 ,施工速度快 ,是框架结构常用的基础形式。对等代框架法和经验系数法进行分析比较后 ,提出了适用于平板式筏基的等代梁弯矩系数法 ,并结合新规范对板的冲切计算、受剪计算、弯矩及配筋计算推导了较实用的简化公式和条件式 ,编制了计算表     

地基非线性沉降计算的原状土割线模量法

地基的沉降计算如何较准确而又简便是工程实践中一直未很好解决的问题。为较好解决地基沉降计算这一重要难题,提出一种原状土割线模量法,就是利用原状土的压板试验曲线,假定压板试验曲线符合双曲线方程,利用Bussinesq解,建立不同荷载水平下土体的等效割线模量。对于实际基础,则根据土体不同深度的应力水平,从压板试验曲线确定原状土的割线模量,然后用于分层总和法进行地基非线性沉降计算,通过试验曲线的验证和实际工程的应用,证明该方法效果较好,可较准确计算地基的沉降。     

混凝土中植筋深度的理论与试验研究

通过在混凝土中植筋的拉拔试验,研究了不同条件下植筋的破坏形态,分析了混凝土强度、钢筋直径和钢筋的强度等级对植筋深度的影响。给出了粘结破坏、锥形破坏、钢筋屈服和应力传递破坏等四种破坏形态的计算模型和相应的植筋深度计算公式,并通过多组试验证明了计算公式的正确性。研究成果可为加固工程设计中的植筋提供理论指导,也可为有关加固规程的修订提供依据。     

地基非线性沉降计算的原状土切线模量法

根据原状地基的载荷试验曲线,建立原状土的切线模量与应力水平关系的切线模量方程,对地基不同点根据其应力水平由切线模量方程确定计算点原状土的切线模量,用该切线模量对地基沉降进行分层总和法计算,其特点是切线模量是由原位试验得到的,能反映原状地基土的特点,同时考虑应力水平的影响,反映了土的非线性特点。     

由基频计算拉索拉力的实用公式

振动法测索力广泛应用于索结构的施工控制、状态评估和健康监测,其基本原理是基于弦振动理论。弦理论忽略了索的垂度和抗弯刚度的非线性影响,在实际应用中有时会带来不可接受的误差。采用能量法和曲线拟合方法,建立了分别考虑索垂度和抗弯刚度影响,由基频计算索力的实用公式。对公式的适用范围进行了讨论,并与现有解的结果进行了比较,表明本文公式可满足精度要求。