Micro-irrigation development in India: an analysis of distributional pattern and potential correlates

ABSTRACT

In India, of late, micro-irrigation has received considerable policy focus. However, as of 2017, only about 10% of the potential area is under micro-irrigation. The present study analyzes the pattern and equity issues of distribution of micro-irrigation in India and identifies the potential correlates. The regression analysis reveals that the stage of groundwater development and agro-climatic differences significantly influence the spread of micro-irrigation. The relatively low spread of micro-irrigation in states with over-exploited groundwater needs attention. Overall, the study points to the need to revamp the current micro-irrigation development programmes, which focus excessively on subsidy.     

Housing Equity Withdrawal in Australia: Prevalence,Patterns and Motivations in Mid-to-late Life

In an era of population ageing, the primary home is increasingly viewed as a personal resource that can perform a pension role in retirement. This article assesses the extent to which Australians aged 45 years and over withdraw housing equity through in situ mortgage equity withdrawal (MEW), downsizing and selling up. We find that the incidence of housing equity withdrawal has increased over the last decade despite a global financial crisis. MEW is the dominant form of equity release among those under pension age, while downsizing or selling up is more frequent among those above pension age. Downsizing and selling up are more likely to be prompted by adverse life events than MEW. Selling up is typically an option of last resort. Our findings offer insights into important debates around homeownership societies and the welfare role performed by owner-occupied housing in mid-to-late life.     

筹资顺序理论下我国上市公司融资结构分析

上市公司在证券市场上的筹资方式主要有股权融资和债券融资。在我国上市公司筹资过分偏好股权融资,与现代财务理论和发达市场经济条件下企业筹资惯例不相吻合。我国上市公司融资结构现状就从代理成本的角度、公司治理角度等方面分析,偏好股权融资是我国特殊市场经济条件下的必然产物,从经理人持股激励机制、建立有效的偿债保障机制等方面提出改善融资结构建议。     

石油企业股权管理创新方法探讨

股权管理体系与方法的创新是石油企业面临的重要课题。股权管理创新,就是要针对生产经营实际和存在问题的关键环节,创新股权管理的框架系统。文章从战略管理、组织管理、制度管理、风险管理等四个方面阐述了创新股权管理体系以及从归口管理与专业管理、统一决策与授权管理、专职管理与兼职管理、直接管理与间接管理、静态管理与动态管理等方面对创新股权管理的思路和方法做了一些有益的探讨。     

再议上海市中心城区公共绿地分布的社会绩效评价:从社会公平到社会正义

以上海市中心城区公共绿地分布为例,继社会公平绩效评价的基尼系数方法之后,文章又提出了社会正义绩效评价的份额指数方法,由此形成城市基本公共服务设施分布的社会绩效评价方法体系.研究显示,在上海市中心城区公共绿地分布中,老龄群体享有公共绿地资源的份额指数略低于社会平均份额,而外来低收入群体享有公共绿地资源的份额指数略高于社会平均份额,总体而言,公共绿地分布的社会正义绩效处于合理区间.社会正义绩效的空间格局表明,基本公共服务设施分布的社会正义绩效与特定社会群体的空间分布相关.城市社会空间分异越是显著,基本公共服务设施分布的社会公平绩效和社会正义绩效之间差异也会趋于显著.城市社会空间极化的不断加剧趋势对于基本公共服务设施分布兼顾社会公平绩效和社会正义绩效提出了挑战.     

Unequal access to energy efficiency in US multifamily rental housing: opportunities to improve

The energy efficiency of US multifamily rental housing is compared with other housing types. A real and growing energy efficiency gap is documented, particularly for lower income households. Findings are based on data from the 2005 and 2009 US Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Individual energy efficiency features related to HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling) systems, appliances, and the building envelope are analysed along with weighted and unweighted total energy efficiency indices. Multifamily units occupied by low income renters had 4.1 fewer energy efficiency features in 2005 and 4.7 fewer in 2009 compared with other households. If the number of efficiency features was on par with other housing, the savings could be in the range of US$200–400 per year for most lower-income renters in multifamily buildings. There is an astonishing lack of information on how efficiency retrofits would affect property (real estate) metrics such as cash flow and value. Available evidence suggests that millions of US properties could be good retrofit investment opportunities. Better efficiency would allow renters to increase spending on food, healthcare and other essentials. This is not only an economic issue: it has implications for household health, social equity and environmental problems tied to energy consumption.     

The influence of quality benefit and marginal contribution on the optimal equity structure of the PPP projects: balancing public and private benefits

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) involve many different participants, and the equity allocation between them may influence the performance of PPP projects. While the optimal capital structure and equity capital structure of the project company have been extensively investigated, few studies have examined how to allocate equity shares among different private participants. Considering both public and private benefits, this study focuses on the optimal equity structure between construction contractor (CC) and operating contractor (OC). A game model is used to analyze how quality benefit and marginal contribution of CC and OC’s effort affect the optimal equity structure. The findings reveal that the private consortium expects the party (CC or OC) with higher marginal contribution of effort to own more equity shares, while government expects the party (CC or OC) with lower marginal contribution of effort to own more equity shares. Furthermore, a non-linear relationship between the optimal equity structure and government’s bargaining power is found. The results also manifest that the quality benefit of construction on operation is a nontrivial factor when designing the equity structure. If unconsidered, the CC’s optimal equity ratio will be either undervalued (when a higher construction quality can reduce the operating cost) or overvalued (when a higher construction quality can increase the operating cost). These findings can provide some insights into designing the equity structure for PPP projects in the bidding process.     

PPP项目资本结构选择的国际经验研究

通过文献阅读,从经济合作与发展组织(OECD)等权威机构的成员中,筛选出18个典型PPP项目案例,通过重点分析其资本结构(仅考虑股权结构和债本比例),归纳出不同类型PPP项目的资产特征和能力需求,并进一步总结出股权结构和债本比例选择的国际经验,对我国PPP项目的资本结构选择具有参考价值。     

不同尺度弱势群体对公园绿地潜在供给 与实际游憩服务获得的响应差异及其影响 因素

社会分层和空间异质性加剧使得弱势群体获得公园 游憩服务的公平性问题日益凸显,探究弱势群体的公园绿地潜 在供给和实际游憩服务获得的差异仍是一项重要任务。选择中 国武汉市24个具有明显社会层级和空间异质性的小区,从居住 区和个人2个尺度研究了不同弱势群体获得公园绿地潜在供给 和实际服务的公平性差异,并分析了2个尺度中弱势因素对获 得游憩服务的交互影响,以及影响游憩服务获得的主要因素。 结果显示,老旧小区的公园绿地潜在供给以及实际游憩服务与 新小区没有显著差异,但生理弱势是影响居民获得游憩服务差 异的主要因子,而不同尺度的非生理弱势因素交互则会明显削 弱居民可获得的单次游憩服务量。此外,居住区尺度小区周边 设施对居民可获得的公园游憩服务的影响大于小区内部条件和 居民个人社会经济特征。研究结果明确了城市建成环境对不同 弱势群体获得公园游憩服务的公平性影响差异,对快速城市化 地区弱势群体公平获得公园游憩服务的改善具有重要帮助     

综合性公园公共交通可达性及规划配置均衡性

公共交通出行方式下,综合性公园的可达性及配置的均衡性是评价城市公园绿地配置和本地居民享有公共服务设施权利的重要指标。以南京市为例,建立公共交通复合网络,以时间成本距离分析综合性公园服务的区域水平和基于站点位置的可达性;以基尼系数判断全局和15分钟生活圈下综合性公园分布的均衡性及贡献度;建立新公园选址采样点,分析增加新公园选址后的基尼系数变化的空间分布。结果表明：以可达性为前提,以基尼系数为衡量指标,可以量化分析公园分布均衡性,通过基尼系数更新变化的空间分布,可以明确新规划公园对综合性公园分布均衡性的影响,能够确定优化选址区域。为城市新综合性公园规划提供量化的区域范围参考,优化城市公园布局并提高城市公园可达性和分布均衡性。